Metrics That Matter: Can Transparency Fix the Health Care System?

Porter ME , Teisberg EO Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results . Boston: Harvard Business School Press; 2006.

The White House : Fact Sheet: Health Care Transparency: Empowering Consumers to Save on Quality Care. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/08/20060822.html. Accessed April 9, 2008.

Sipkoff M. Can transparency save health care? Manag Care. 2004;13:28-32.

Flood AB , Scott WR , Ewy W. Does practice make perfect? Part I. The relationship between hospital volume and outcomes for selected diagnostic categories. Med Care. 1984;22:98-114.

Clark RE and the Ad Hoc Committee on Cardiac Surgery Credentialing of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Outcome as a function of annual coronary artery bypass graft volume. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:21-26.

Sirio CA , Shepardson LB , Rotondi AJ , et al. Community-wide assessment of intensive care outcomes using a physiologically based prognostic measure: implications for critical delivery from Cleveland Health Quality Choice. Chest. 1999;115:793-801.

Sirio CA , Angus DC , Rosenthal GE Cleveland Health Quality Choice (CHQC)-an ongoing collaborative, community-based outcomes assessment program. New Horizons. 1994;2:321-325.

Longman P. The best care anywhere. Washington Monthly, January/February 2005. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0501.longman.html . Accessed April 10, 2008.

Shroyer ALW , McDonald GO , Wagner BD , et al. Improving quality of care in cardiac surgery: evaluating risk factors, processes of care, structures of care, and outcomes. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;12:140-152.

Donabedian A. The quality of care: how can it be assessed ? JAMA. 1988;260:1743-1748.

Knaus WA , Zimmerman JE , Wagner DP , Draper EA , Lawrence DE APACHE-Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation: a physiologically based classification system. Crit Care Med. 1981 ;9:591-597.

Paiement B. , Pelletier C. , Dyrda I. , et al: A simple classification of the risk in cardiac surgery. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1983 ;30:61-68.

Nathanson BH , Higgins TL An introduction to statistical methods used in binary outcome modeling. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth . 2008;12:153-166.

Granton J. , Cheng D. Risk stratification models for cardiac surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;12: 167-174.

Kramer AA , Zimmerman JE Predicting outcomes for cardiac surgery patients after intensive care unit admission. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;12:175-183.

Heart surgery in the United Kingdom. http://heartsurgery.healthcarecommission.org.uk. Accessed April 14, 2008.

Klein AA , Nashef SAM. Perception and reporting of cardiac surgical performance. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;12:184-190.

Halpin LS , Barnett SD , Henry LL , Choi E. , Ad N. Public health reporting: the United States perspective. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;12:191-202.

Koch CG , Khandwala F. , Blackstone EH Health-related quality of life after cardiac surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;12:203-217.

Higgins TL Quantifying risk and benchmarking performance in the adult intensive care unit. J Intensive Care Med. 2007;22:141-156.

Teres D. , Higgins TL What if your hospital informatics department could provide a severity adjuster ? Crit Care Med. 2000;28:3570-3571.