LeBlanc, Crossett, Bennett, Detweiler, and Carr (2005) described an outpatient model for conducting intensive toilet training with young children with autism using a modified Azrin and Foxx, protocol. In this article, we summarize the use of the protocol in an outpatient setting and the outcomes achieved with a large sample of children with autism spectrum disorders. Thirty archival clinical records were coded for several variables related to treatment implementation and outcome. The majority of participants achieved full continence in an average of approximately 2 weeks. Details on the typical implementation and course of treatment are presented to provide a profile for future practitioners.
AzrinN. H.FoxxR. M. (1971). A rapid method of toilet training the institutionalized retarded. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 89–99.
2.
CiceroF. R.PfadtA. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 319–331.
3.
FoxxR. M.AzrinA. H. (1973). Toilet training the retarded: A rapid program for day and nighttime independent toileting. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
4.
KroegerK. A.Sorensen-BurnworthR. (2009). Toilet training individuals with autism and developmental disabilities: A critical review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 607–618.
5.
LeBlancL. A.CrossettS.BennettC.DetweilerD.CarrJ. E. (2005). Intensive outpatient behavioral treatment of primary urinary incontinence of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20, 98–105.
6.
LuiselliJ. K. (1996). A case study evaluation of a transfer-of-stimulus control toilet training procedure for a child with pervasive developmental disorder. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 11, 158–162.
7.
LuiselliJ. K. (1997). Teaching toilet skills in a public school setting to a child with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28, 163–168.
8.
LuiselliJ. K.ReismanJ.HelfenC. S.PembertonB. W. (1979). Toilet training in the classroom: An adaptation of Azrin and Foxx’s Rapid Toilet Training procedures. Behavioral Engineering, 5, 89–93.
9.
PostA. R.KirkpatrickM. A. (2004). Toilet training for a young boy with pervasive developmental disorder. Behavioral Interventions, 19, 45–50.
10.
TaylorS.CipaniE.ClardyA. (1994). A stimulus control technique for improving the efficacy of an established toilet training program. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 155–160.
11.
WhiteleyP. (2004). Developmental, behavioural and somatic factors in pervasive developmental disorders: Preliminary analysis. Child: Care, Health & Development, 30, 5–11.
12.
WilliamsG.OliverJ. M.AllardA.SearsL. (2003). Autism and associated medical and familial factors: A case control study. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 15, 335–349.
