Objective: Children with ADHD often have sleep complaints and cognitive deficits. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether sleep extension improves inhibitory control, a primary cognitive deficit in ADHD. Method: Children with (n = 11) and without (n = 15) ADHD participated in a within-subject sleep extension intervention that targeted nocturnal sleep duration. Sleep was assessed with actigraphy and polysomnography. Inhibitory control was assessed with a Go/No-Go task. Results: For children without ADHD, there was a significant main effect of time, such that morning inhibitory control was 10% greater than evening inhibitory control. However, inhibitory control did not differ between the baseline and extension conditions in this group. For children with ADHD, although morning inhibitory control did not differ from evening inhibitory control, sleep extension improved inhibitory control by 13% overall. Conclusion: These results suggest that a sleep extension intervention improves inhibitory control in children with ADHD.
AceboC.SadehA.SeiferR.TzischinskyO.HaferA.CarskadonM. A. (2005). Sleep/wake patterns derived from activity monitoring and maternal report for healthy 1- to 5-year-old children. Sleep, 28, 1568-1577.
2.
AndersonP. (2002). Assessment and development of Executive Function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 71-82. doi:10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724
3.
ApplegateB.LaheyB. B.HartE. L.BiedermanJ.HyndG. W.BarkleyR. A.. . . ShafferD. (1997). Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: A report from the DSM-IV field trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1211-1221. doi:10.1097/00004583-199709000-00013
4.
AuerbachJ. G.Zilberman-HayunY.Atzaba-PoriaN.BergerA. (2017). The contribution of maternal ADHD symptomatology, maternal DAT1, and home atmosphere to child ADHD symptomatology at 7 years of age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 415-427. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0230-0
5.
BarkleyR. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
6.
BarkleyR. A.MurphyK. R. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
7.
BeckerS. P.CusickC. N.SidolC. A.EpsteinJ. N.TammL. (2018). The impact of comorbid mental health symptoms and sex on sleep functioning in children with ADHD, 27, 353-365. doi:10.1038/ng.3564
8.
BeckerS. P.EpsteinJ. N.TammL.TilfordA. A.TischnerC. M.IsaacsonP. A.. . . BeebeD. W. (2019). Shortened sleep duration causes sleepiness, inattention, and oppositionality in adolescents with ADHD: Findings from a crossover sleep restriction/extension study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58, 433-442. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.439
9.
BériaultM.TurgeonL.LabrosseM.BerthiaumeC.VerreaultM.BerthiaumeC.GodboutR. (2018). Comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety disorders in school-age children: Impact on sleep and response to a cognitive-behavioral treatment. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22, 414-424. doi:10.1177/1087054715605914
10.
BorbélyA. A. (1982). A two process model of sleep regulation. Human Neurobiology, 1, 195-204.
11.
CavanaghJ. F.FrankM. J. (2014). Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 414-421. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.012
12.
CremoneA.Lugo-CandelasC. I.HarveyE. A.McDermottJ. M.SpencerR. M. C. (2017). REM theta activity enhances inhibitory control in typically developing children but not children with ADHD symptoms. Experimental Brain Research, 235, 1491-1500. doi:10.1007/s00221-017-4906-7
13.
DoyleA. E. (2006). Executive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(8), 21-26.
14.
DurstonS.ThomasK. M.YangY.UlugA. M.ZimmermanR. D.CaseyB. J. (2002). A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control. Developmental Science, 5, F9-F16.
15.
FaraoneS. V.BiedermanJ.SpencerT. J.AleardiM. (2006). Comparing the efficacy of medications for ADHD using meta-analysis. Medscape General Medicine, 8(4), Article 4.
16.
GruberR.CassoffJ.FrenetteS.WiebeS.CarrierJ. (2012). Impact of sleep extension and restriction on children’s emotional lability and impulsivity. Pediatrics, 130, e1155-e1161. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0564
17.
GruberR.SomervilleG.EnrosP.PaquinS.KestlerM.Gillies-PoitrasE. (2014). Sleep efficiency (but not sleep duration) of healthy school-age children is associated with grades in math and languages. Sleep Medicine, 15, 1517-1525. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.08.009
18.
GruberR.WiebeS.MontecalvoL.BrunettiB.AmselR.CarrierJ. (2011). Impact of sleep restriction on neurobehavioral functioning of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sleep, 34, 315-323.
19.
HarpinV. A. (2005). The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community from preschool to adult life. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, i2-i7. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.059006
20.
HerbertS. D.HarveyE. A.RobertsJ. L.WichowskiK.Lugo-CandelasC. I. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of a parent training and emotion socialization program for families of hyperactive preschool-aged children. Behavior Therapy, 44, 302-316. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.10.004
21.
HirshkowitzM.WhitonK.AlbertS. M.AlessiC.BruniO.DonCarlosL.. . . Adams HillardP. J. (2015). National sleep foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary. Sleep Health, 1, 40-43. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
22.
HiscockH.SciberrasE.MensahF.GernerB.EfronD.KhanoS.OberklaidF. (2015). Impact of a behavioural sleep intervention on symptoms and sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and parental mental health: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 350(1), Article h68. doi:10.1136/bmj.h68
23.
IberC.Ancoli-IsraelS.ChessonA. L.QuanS. F. (2007). The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology, and technical specifications. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
24.
KonofalE.LecendreuxM.CorteseS. (2010). Sleep and ADHD. Sleep Medicine, 11, 652-658. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.012
25.
LammC.WhiteL. K.McDermottJ. M.FoxN. A. (2012). Neural activation underlying cognitive control in the context of neutral and affectively charged pictures in children, 79, 181-187. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.013.Neural
26.
LarsonK.RussS. A.KahnR. S.HalfonN. (2011). Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children With ADHD, 2007. Pediatrics, 127, 462-470. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0165
27.
MayesS. D.CalhounS.BixlerE. O.VgontzasA. N. (2009). Sleep problems in children with autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, acquired brain injury, and typical development. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 4, 19-25.doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.12.004
28.
NiggJ. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 220-246.
29.
O’ConnellR. G.DockreeP. M.BellgroveM. A.TurinA.WardS.FoxeJ. J.RobertsonI. H. (2009). Two types of action error: Electrophysiological evidence for separable inhibitory and sustained attention neural mechanisms producing error on go/no-go tasks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 93-104. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21008
30.
OosterlaanJ.LoganG. D.SergeantJ. A. (1998). Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD+CD, anxious, and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 411-425. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00336
31.
OwensJ. A. (2005). The ADHD and sleep conundrum: A review. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 26, 312-322.
32.
OwensJ. A.MaximR.NobileC.McGuinnM.MsallM. (2000). Parental and self-report of sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 154, 549-555.
33.
PaavonenE. J.RäikkönenK.PesonenA.LahtiJ.KomsiN.HeinonenK.. . . Porkka-heiskanenT. (2010). Sleep quality and cognitive performance in 8-year-old children. Sleep Medicine, 11, 386-392. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.09.009
34.
PelhamW.FabianoG.MassettiG. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34, 559-568. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403
35.
SadehA.GruberR.RavivA. (2003). The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: What a difference an hour makes. Child Development, 74, 444-455. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.7402008
36.
SitnickS. L.Goodlin-JonesB. L.AndersT. F. (2008). The use of actigraphy to study sleep disorders in preschoolers: Some concerns about detection of nighttime awakenings. Sleep, 31, 395-401.
37.
TaoT.WangL.FanC.GaoW. (2014). Development of self-control in children aged 3 to 9 years: Perspective from a dual-systems model. Scientific Reports, 4, Article 7272. doi:10.1038/srep07272
38.
ThomasR.SandersS.DoustJ.BellerE.GlasziouP. (2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135, e994-e1001. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3482
39.
VriendJ.DavidsonF.ShaffnerS.CorkumP.RusakB. (2013). Manipulating sleep duration alters cognitive and emotional functioning in children. Sleep Medicine, 12(10), S14-S15. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(11)70050-8
40.
WaschbuschD. A. (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 118-150. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.128.1.118
41.
WeissM. D.CraigS. G.DaviesG.SchibukL.SteinM. (2015). New research on the complex interaction of sleep and ADHD. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 1, 114-121. doi:10.1007/s40675-015-0018-8
YoonS. Y. R.JainU.ShapiroC. (2012). Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Past, present, and future. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16, 371-388. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.07.001
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
