Objective: This article examines the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Conners’ Parent and Teacher Rating Scales-Revised: Short Forms (CPRS-R:S-C and CTRS-R:S-C) in a representative sample of 2,584 first to ninth graders in Taipei and 479 clinical participants (274 with ADHD). Method: The instruments include the CPRS-R:S-C, CTRS-R:S-C, and the Chinese version of the Swanson, Kotkin, Atkins, M-Flynn, and Pelham Scale. Results: Results show satisfactory factor structure, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity for all the subscales of the CTRS-R:S-C and CPRS-R:S-C. They clearly distinguish clinical participants with ADHD from those without. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the CPRS-R:S-C and CTRS-R:S-C are reliable and valid instruments for measuring inattention and hyperactivity in both clinical and community settings in the Chinese population in Taipei.
Al-Awad, A. M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2002). The application of the Conners’ Rating Scales to a Sudanese sample: An analysis of parents’ and teachers’ ratings of childhood behaviour problems. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 75(Pt 2), 177-187.
2.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3.
Barkley, R. A. (1988). Child behavior ratings scales and checklists. In H. T. M. Rutter, & I. Lann (Eds.), Assessment and diagnosis in child psychopathology. (pp. 113-155). New York: Guilford.
4.
Biederman, J., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Impact of remission definition and symptom type. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 816-818.
5.
Chelune, G. J., Ferguson, W., Koon, R., & Dickey, T. O. (1986). Frontal lobe disinhibition in attention deficit disorder. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 16(4), 221-234.
6.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
7.
Conners, C. K. (1997). Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised technical manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
8.
Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D., & Epstein, J. N. (1998a). The revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(4), 257-268.
9.
Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D., & Epstein, J. N. (1998b). Revision and restandardization of the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(4), 279-291.
10.
Costello, E. J., Angold, A., Burns, B. J., Stangl, D. K., Tweed, D. L., Erkanli, A., et al. (1996). The great smoky mountains study of youth. Goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-Rdisorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(12), 1129-1136.
11.
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 837-844.
12.
Fantuzzo, J., Grim, S., Mordell, M., McDermott, P., Miller, L., & Coolahan, K. (2001). A multivariate analysis of the revised Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale with low-income, urban preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(2), 141-152.
13.
Faraone, S., Biederman, J., & Monuteaux, M. C. (2002). Further evidence for the diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 6(1), 5-13.
14.
Gau, S. F., & Soong, W. T. (1995). Sleep problems of junior high school students in Taipei. Sleep, 18(8), 667-673.
15.
Gau, S. F., & Soong, W. T. (1999). Psychiatric comorbidity of adolescents with sleep terrors or sleepwalking: A case-control study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(5), 734-739.
16.
Gau, S. F., Soong, W. T., & Merikangas, K. R. (2004). Correlates of sleep-wake patterns among children and young adolescents in Taiwan. Sleep, 27(4), 512-519.
17.
Gau, S. S. F., Chong, M. Y., Chen, T. H., & Cheng, A. T. A. (2005). A three-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1344-1350.
18.
Gianarris, W. J., Golden, C. J., & Greene, L. (2001). The Conners’ Parent Rating Scales: A critical review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(7), 1061-1093.
19.
Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., & Ulrich, R. F. (1978). Normative data on revised Conners’ Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6(2), 221-236.
20.
Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., & Frick, P. J. (1995). Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(6), 729-749.
21.
Kumar, G., & Steer, R. A. (2003). Factorial validity of the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short form with psychiatric out-patients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(3), 252-259.
22.
Luk, S. L., & Leung, P. W. (1989). Conners’ Teacher’s Rating Scale—A validity study in Hong Kong. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 30(5), 785-793.
23.
Luk, S. L., Leung, P. W., & Lee, P. L. (1988). Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale in Chinese children in Hong Kong. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 29(2), 165-174.
24.
Michelson, D., Allen, A. J., Busner, J., Casat, C., Dunn, D., Kratochvil, C., et al. (2002). Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(11), 1896-1901.
25.
Montiel-Nava, C., Pena, J. A., Lopez, M., Salas, M., Zurga, J. R., Montiel-Barbero, I., et al. (2002). Estimations of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in marabino children. Revista de Neurologia, 35(11), 1019-1024.
26.
Muller, R., & Buttner, P. (1994). A critical discussion of intraclass correlation coefficients. Statistics in Medicine, 13(23-24), 2465-2476.
27.
Pal, D. K., Chaudhury, G., Das, T., & Sengupta, S. (1999). Validation of a Bengali adaptation of the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-48). British Journal of Medical Psychology, 72(Pt 4), 525-533.
28.
Plomin, R., & Foch, J. J. (1981). Hyperactivity and pediatrician diagnoses, parental ratings, specific cognitive abilities, and laboratory measures. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9(1), 55-64.
29.
Reiff, M. I., & Stein, M. T. (2003). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder evaluation and diagnosis: A practical approach in office practice. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 50(5), 1019-1048.
30.
Roussos, A., Richardson, C., Politikou, K., Marketos, S., Kyprianos, S., Karajianni, S., et al. (1999). The Conners’-28 teacher questionnaire in clinical and nonclinical samples of Greek children 6-12 years old. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(4), 260-267.
31.
Singer, J. D. (1998). Using SAS PROC MIXED to fit multilevel models, hierarchical models, and individual growth models. Journal of Educational & Behavioral Statistics, 23(4), 323-355.
32.
Trites, R. L., Blouin, A. G., & Laprade, K. (1982). Factor analysis of the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale based on a large normative sample. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 50(5), 615-623.
33.
Weisz, J. R., & McCarty, C. A. (1999). Can we trust parent reports in research on cultural and ethnic differences in child psychopathology? Using the bicultural family design to test parental culture effects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(4), 598-605.
34.
Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Suwanlert, S., & Chaiyasit, W. (2003). Syndromal structure of psychopathology in children of Thailand and the United States. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 375-385.
35.
Wigal, S. B., Gupta, S., Guinta, D., & Swanson, J. M. (1998). Reliability and validity of the SKAMP rating scale in a laboratory school setting. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 34(1), 47-53.
36.
Zelko, F. A. (1991). Comparison of parent-completed behavior rating scales: Differentiating boys with ADD from psychiatric and normal controls. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 12(1), 31-37.
