Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most common malignancies worldwide and represents a major cause of cancer-related mortality. The incidence of GC varies significantly across regions due to genetic predisposition, environmental exposure, dietary habits, and infectious agents, particularly Helicobacter pylori. Despite its high prevalence, GC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because of nonspecific or absent early clinical symptoms.
Objective:
The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, molecular mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer.
Methods:
Relevant literature was reviewed to analyze the role of key molecular signaling pathways involved in gastric carcinogenesis, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic response. Current diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and treatment approaches—including conventional therapies, alternative systems of medicine, nanotechnology-based interventions, and ongoing clinical research—were evaluated.
Results:
Recent molecular classifications have highlighted the critical involvement of signaling pathways such as EGFR/HER2, p53, PI3K, and related pathways in GC development and progression. The identification of biomarkers, including circulating tumor cells and ribonucleic acids, has improved diagnostic accuracy. Advances in targeted therapy and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have demonstrated potential in enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing adverse effects.
Conclusion:
Gastric cancer remains a serious global health concern with limited survival outcomes despite advances in treatment. Improved understanding of molecular signaling pathways and biomarker-based diagnostics offers promising opportunities for early detection and targeted therapy. Continued research into innovative preventive and therapeutic approaches is essential for patients with gastric cancer.
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