Nonthermal methods to preserve foods, such as pulsed electric fields, light pulses, and oscillating magnetic fields, are gaining attention within the food industry and research laboratories. They offer sound alternatives to conventional thermal processes where quality aspects and costs are becoming a concern.
Adamkiewicz V.W. and Pilon D.R. (1983). Magnetic stimulation of polysaccharide accumulation in cultures of Streptococcus mutans. Canadian Journal of Microbiology29: 464-467. Anonymous (1994). The PureBright Process. PurePulse Proprietary Information.
2.
Castro A.J., Swanson B.G., Barbosa-Cánovas G.V. and Meyer R. (1994). Pulsed electric field modification of milk alkaline phosphatase activity. Ph.D. thesis, Washington State University , Pullman, WA.
3.
Chernomordik L.V., Sukharev S.I., Popov S.V., Pastushenko V.F., Sokirko A.V., Abidor I.G. and Chizmadzhev Yu.A. (1987). The electrical breakdown of cell and lipid membranes: the similarity of phenomenologies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta902: 360-373.
4.
Chizhov S.V., Sinyak Yu, Ye Shikina M.I., Ukhanova S.I. and Krasnoshchekov V.V. (1975). Effect of magnetic field on E. coli. Moscow Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina9(5): 26-31.
5.
Coster H.G.L. and Zimmermann U. (1975). The mechanism of electrical breakdown in the membranes of Valonia utricularis. Journal of Membrane Biology22: 73-90.
6.
Coughlan A. and Hall N. (1990). How magnetic field can influence your ions? New Scientist8(4): 30.
7.
Dihel L.E., Smith-Sonnenborn J. and Middaugh R.C. (1985). Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on cell division rate and plasma membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia . Bioelectromagnetics6: 61-71.
8.
Dimitrov D.S. (1984). Electric field-induced breakdown of lipid bilayers and cell membranes: a thin viscoelastic model. Journal of Membrane. Biology78: 53-60.
9.
Dunn, J.E. (1996). Pulsed light and pulsed electric field for foods and eggs. Poultry Science75: 1133-1136.
10.
Dunn J.E. and Pearlman J.S. (1987). Methods and apparatus for extending the shelf-life of fluid food products. US Patent 4,695,472.
11.
Dunn J.E., Clark R.W., Asmus J.F., Pearlman J.S., Boyer K. and Pairchaud F. (1988). Methods and apparatus for preservation of foodstuffs . Int. Pat. Appl. No. WO 88/03369
12.
Dunn J.E., Clark R.W., Asmus J.F., Pearlman J.S., Boyer, K., Pairchaud F. and Hofman G. (1991). Methods and apparatus for preservation of foodstuffs . US Patent 5,034,235.
13.
Dunn J.E., Ott T. and Clark W. (1995). Pulsed light treatment of food and packaging. Food Technology49(9): 95-98.
14.
Gerencser V.F.,. Barnothy M.F. and Barnothy J.M. (1962). Inhibition of bacterial growth by magnetic fields . Nature196: 539-541.
15.
Gersdorf R., de Boer F.R., Wolfrat J.C., Muller F.A. and Roeland L.W. (1983). The high magnetic facility of the University of Amsterdam, High Field Magnetism. In: Date M. (ed.), Proceedings International Symposium on High Field Magnetism, Osaka, Japan. Amsterdam: North Holland Pub. Co. pp. 277-287.
16.
Glaser R.W., Leikin S.L., Chernomordik L.V., Pastushenko V.F. and Sokirko A.I. (1988). Reversible electrical breakdown of lipid bilayers: formation and evolution of pores. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta940: 275-287.
17.
Grahl T., Sitzmann W. and Märkl H. (1992). Killing of microorganisms in fluid media by high voltage pulses. Presented at the 10th DECHEMA Biotechnology Conference Series, 5B, pp. 675-678.
18.
Hofmann G.A. (1985). Deactivation of microorganisms by an oscillating magnetic field. US Patent 4,524,079.
19.
Martin O., Qin B.L., Chang F.J., Barbosa-Cánovas G.V. and Swanson B.G. (1997). Inactivation of E. coli in skim milk by high intensity pulsed electric fields. Journal of Food Engineering20: 317-336.
20.
Matsumoto Y., Satake T., Shioji N. and Sakuma A. (1991). Inactivation of microorganisms by pulsed high voltage applications. Conference Record of IEEE Industrial Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 652-659.
21.
Mizuno A. and Hori Y. (1988). Destruction of living cells by pulsed high-voltage application. IEEE Transactions for Industrial Application24(3): 387-394.
22.
Moore R.L. (1979). Biological effects of magnetic fields: studies with microorganisms. Canadian Journal of Microbiology25: 1145-1151.
23.
Qin B.L., Pothakamury U.R., Barbosa-Cánovas G.V. and Swanson B.G. (1995). Food pasteurization using high intensity pulsed electric fields. Food Technology49 (12): 55-60.
24.
Qin B.L., Pothakamury U.R., Barbosa-Cánovas G.V. and Swanson B.G. (1996). Nonthermal pasteurization of liquid foods using high intensity pulsed electric fields. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition36 (6): 603-627.
25.
Rice J. ( 1994). Sterilizing with light and electrical impulses. Food Processing (7): 66.
26.
Sale A.J.H. and Hamilton W.A. (1967). Effects of high electric fields on microorganisms. I. Killing of bacteria and yeast. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta148: 781-788.
27.
Simpson M.V., Barbosa-Cánovas G.V. and Swanson B.G. (1995). Influence of PEF on the composition of apple juice. Rept. Washington State University, Biological Systems Engineering , Pullman, WA.
28.
Tsong T.Y. (1990). Review: On electroporation of cell membranes and some related phenomena. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics24: 271-295.
29.
Van Nostran F.E., Reynolds R.J. and Hedrick H.G. (1967). Effects of high magnetic field at different osmotic pressures and temperatures on multiplication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied Microbiology15: 561-563.
30.
Vega-Mercado H., Pothakamury U.R., Chang F.J., Barbosa-Cánovas G.V. and Swanson B.G. (1996). Inactivation of E. coli by combining pH, ionic strength and pulsed electric field hurdles. Food Research International29 (2): 117-121.
31.
Yoshimura N. (1989). Application of magnetic action for sterilization of food. Shokuhin Kaihatsu24 (3): 46-48.
32.
Zhang Q., Qin B.L., Barbosa-Cánovas G.V. and Swanson B.G. (1995). Inactivation of E. coli for food pasteurization by high-intensity short-duration pulsed electric fields. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation19:103-118.
33.
Zheng-Ying L. and Yan W. (1993). Effects of high voltage pulse discharges on microorganisms dispersed in liquid. Presented at the Eighth Annual International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 23-27 August, Yokohama, Japan.