Growth of Pre-ruminant Kid Goats and the Composition of Carcass Fat Deposits: Effects of Providing a PUFA-rich Fat in the Milk Replacer and Influence of the Kidding Season

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of improving the composition of goat meat in terms overall, of the fatty acid composition of different fat deposits. The experiment is designed in an 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The treatments consist of two different milk replacers, one including and one excluding 2% of fish oil, and two different kidding seasons (spring or autumn). Twelve animals are allocated at random, to each treatment. Animals are slaughtered when they reached a body weight of 7000 ± 200 g. The inclusion of fish oil has no significant effect on growth rate, food efficiency ratio or dressing percentage. The cover, intermuscular and intramuscular fat of the leg from the animals fed with the milk replacer including fish oil, present higher and lower proportions of n-3 PUFA and saturated fatty acids respectively, while that of n-6 PUFA remains unchanged. The inclusion of fish oil in the milk replacer increases the 20 : 5 content in the leg muscle from about 0.4 to 3.5% and 22: 6 content from 0.4 to 2.3%. The fatty acids 20: 5 and 22: 6 are also detected in the cover and intermuscular fat when fish oil is included in the diet. The kid goats born in autumn, show a higher birth weight and growth rate. The leg obtained from these animals, presents a higher proportion of muscle and a lower proportion of bone. However, in the animals born in spring, a somewhat more favourable composition is obtained in the leg fat deposits. The improvement in the quality of meat obtained is discussed, taking into account the feeding strategy provided and the class of animals in question.

Keywords

goat meat quality fat deposits composition milk replacer composition kidding season

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ashes J.R.

Siebert B.D.

Gulati S.K.

Cuthbertson A.Z.

and

Scoot T.W.

(1992). Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids of fish oil into tissue and serum lipids of ruminants. Lipids27: 629-631.

Banskalieva V.

Sahlu T.

and

Goetsch A.L.

(2000). Fatty acid composition of goat muscle and fat depots: a review. Small Ruminant Research37: 255-268.

Barlow S.M.

Young F.V.K.

and

Duthie I.F.

(1990). Nutritional recommendations for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the challenge to the food industry. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society49: 13-21.

Born F.

( 1998). ω-3 products from research to retail. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics83: 166-175.

Boza J.

Perez L.

and

Sanz Sampelayo M.R.

(2000). Producto y procedimiento de obtención de una grasa protegida para incluir en las dietas de los rumiantes . ES Patent 136.536.

Callow E.H.

(1958). Comparative studies of meat. VI. Factors affecting iodine number of fat from the fatty acid and muscular tissue of lambs. Journal Agricultural Science, Cambridge51: 362- 369.

Clarke D.

(2000). Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription: a mechanism to improve energy balance and insulin resistance . British Journal of Nutrition83: 59-96.

Demirel G.

Wachira A.M.

Sinclair L.A.

Wilkinson R.G.

Wood J.D.

and

Enser M.

(2004). Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, breed and dietary vitamin E on the fatty acids of lamb muscle, liver and adipose tissue. British Journal of Nutrition91: 551-565.

Food and Agricultural Organisation

(1994). Fats and oils in human nutrition. Food and Nutrition Paper No. 57. Rome: FAO.

10.

Forbes J.M.

(1995). Reproduction and lactation. In:

Forbes, J.M.

(ed.), Voluntary Food Intake and Diet Selection in Farm. Animal.Wallingford: CAB International. pp. 186-203.

11.

Franklin S.T.

Martin K.R.

Baer R.J.

Shingoethe D.J.

and

Hippen A.R.

(1999). Dietary marine algae (Schizochytrium sp.) increases concentrations of conjugated linoleic, docosahexaenoic and transvaccenic acids in milk of dairy cows. Journal of Nutrition192: 2048-2052.

12.

Haenlein G.F.W.

(1995). Nutritional value of dairy products of ewes and goats milk. In: Proceedings, 2nd IDF Seminar, Production and Utilization of Ewes and Goats Milk. Limin Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, Oct. 19-21 1995.

13.

Innis S.

(1991). Essential fatty acids on growth and development . Progress in Lipid Resarch30: 39-103.

14.

Kromhout D.

(1989). Fish (oil) consumption and coronary heart disease . In:

Galli, C.

and

Simopoulos, A.M.

(eds.), Dietary ω3 and ω6 Fatty Acids. Biological Effects and Nutritional Essentially. New York: Plenum Publishing, pp. 273-282.

15.

Lafontan M.

and

Langin D.

(1995). Cellular aspects of fuel mobilization and selection in white adipocytes. Proceeding of the Nutrition Society54: 49-63.

16.

Marinova P.

Banskalieva V.

and

Tzvetkova V.

(2005). Body and carcass composition, and meat quality of kids fed fish oil supplemented diet. Options Méditerranéennes A-67: 151-156.

17.

McGrath Jr W.S.

Vander Noot G.W.

Gilbreath R.L.

and

Fisher H.

(1968). Influence of environmental temperature and dietary fat on backfat composition of swine. Journal of Nutrition96: 461-466.

18.

Moulin P.

(1983). Les corps gras animaux dans les aliments d'allaitement . Revue FrancÇaise des Corps Gras30: 287-290.

19.

rskov E.R.

(1982). Physiology of the ruminant stomach. Preruminant . In:

rskov E.R.

(ed.), Protein Nutrition in Ruminants. London: Academic Press, pp. 1-8.

20.

Patureau-Mirand P.

(1975). Quelques aspects de la nutrition azotee du veau et de l'agneau préruminants. Les Industries de l'Alimentation Animale1: 27-41.

21.

Pearson D.

(1976). Milk products. In:

Parks, J.R.

(ed.), A Theory of Feeding and Growth of Animals. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 25-37.

22.

Presidencia del Gobierno

(1988). Real Decreto de 14 de marzo: Proteccion de animales de experimentación. Boletín Oficial del Estado18 Marzo 1988, 67: 8509.

23.

Prieto Gómez I.

(1993). Comportamiento nutritivo y metabólico de cabritos y corderos prerrumiantes sometidos a diferentes temperaturas. Doctoral Thesis, University of Granada, Spain.

24.

Raggi L.

Sanz Sampelayo M.R.

Guerrero J.E.

and

Boza J.

(1985). Fisiología ambiental de la cabra. Monografías Medicina Veterinaria7: 27-32.

25.

Ruiz Mariscal I.

(1991). Efecto de la proporción de proteína y grasa en el aprovechamiento de los lactorreemplazantes para cabritos. Utilización nutritiva, crecimiento y desarrollo corporal. Doctoral Thesis, University of Cordoba, Spain.

26.

Sanz Sampelayo M.R.

Muñoz F.J.

Anguita T.

Lara L.

Gil F.

and

Boza J.

(1987). Utilizacion de calcio y fosforo por el cabrito de raza Granadina. Alimentacion exclusivamente lactea. Investigación Agraria. Producción y Sanidad Animales2: 163-172.

27.

Sanz Sampelayo M.R.

Allegretti L.

Ruiz Mariscal I.

Gil Extremera F.

and

Boza J.

(1995). Dietary factors affecting the maximum feed intake and the body composition of pre-ruminant kid goats of the Granadina breed . British Journal of Nutrition74: 335-345.

28.

Sanz Sampelayo M.R.

Allegertti L.

Gil Extremera F.

and

Boza J.

(1996). Growth and development of pre-ruminant kid goats of the Granadina breed. Use of a milk replacer determining maximum feed intake . In: Proceedings of VI International Conference on Goats. Vol. II, Gulf Breeze, FL: International Academic Publishers, pp. 677-680.

29.

Sanz Sampelayo M.R.

Fernandez J.R.

Ramos E.

Hermoso R.

Gil Extremera F.

and

Boza J.

(2006). Effect of providing a polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich protected fat to lactating goats on growth and body composition of suckling goat kids. Animal Science82: 337-344.

30.

Scollan N.G.

Choi N.J.

Kurt E.

Fisher A.V.

Enser M.

and

Wood J.D.

(2001). Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in beef cattle. British Journal of Nutrition85: 115-124.

31.

Scollan N.D.

Enser M.

Gulati S.K.

Richardson I.

and

Wood J.D.

(2003). Effects of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle. British Journal of Nutrition90: 709-716.

32.

Soliman H.S.

rskov E.R.

Atkinson T.

and

Smart R.I.

(1979). Utilization of partially hydrolysed starch in milk replacers by newborn lambs. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Cambridge92: 343-349.

33.

Statgraphics

(1991). User Manual: Statistical Graphics System by Statistical Graphics Corporation. Rock-Wille, M.D: Statistical Graphics Corporation.

34.

Steel R.G.D.

and

Torrie J.H.

(1984). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 4th edn., McGraw-Hill , Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

35.

Su W.

and

Jones P.

J.H. (1993). Dietary fatty acid composition influences energy secretion in rats. Journal of Nutrition123: 2109-2114.

36.

Takahashi Y.

and

Ide T.

(2000). Dietary n-3 fatty acids affect mRNA level on brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1, and white adipose tissue leptin and glucose transporter 4 in rat. British Journal of Nutrition84: 175-184.

37.

Valenzuela A.

Sanhuesa J.

and

Garrido A.

(1999). Ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga n-3: cuándo y por qué es necesaria la suplementación con estos acidos grasos . Aceites y GrasasVI: 294-299.

38.

Wachira A.M.

Sinclair L.A.

Wilkinson R.G.

Enser M.

Wood J.D.

and

Fisher A.V.

(2002). Effects of dietary fat source and breed on the carcass composition, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of sheep meat and adipose tissue. British Journal of Nutrition88: 697-709.

39.

Walker D.M.

(1973). Amino-acid imbalance and its effect on energy utilization in the milk-fed lamb. In:

Menke, H.H.,

Lanztsch, H.J.

and

Reich, J.R.

(eds.), Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals. Stuttgart: Universität Hohemheim, pp. 75-78.

40.

Walker D.M.

(1986). Body composition of animals during suckling and the immediate post-weaning period. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society45: 81-89.

41.

Williams A.P.

and

Hewitt D.

(1979). The amino acid requirements of the preruminant calf. British Journal of Nutrition41: 311-319.