I reread the 50-year-old history of the qualitative inquiry that calls for triangulation and mixed methods. I briefly visit the disputes within the mixed methods community asking how did we get to where we are today, the period of mixed-multiple-methods advocacy, and Teddlie and Tashakkori’s third methodological moment.
American Education Research Association. ( 2006). Standards for reporting on empirical social science research in AERA publications. Retrieved February 6, 2007, from www.:aera.net/opportunities/?id=1480
2.
Bell, V. ( 2006). The Cochrane qualitative methods group. Available from http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ihr/research/publich/cochrane.htm
3.
Briggs, J. ( 2006). Cochrane qualitative research methods group. The Cochrane Collaboration. Available from http://www.joannabriggs.eduau/cqrmg/role.html
4.
Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. ( 2008). Ethics in qualitative psychological research. In C. Willig & W. Stanton-Rogers (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 261-279). London: Sage.
5.
Campbell, D.T. ( 1976). Assessing the impact of planned social change. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Available from http://www.wmich.edu/evalctr/pubs/ops/ops08.pdf
6.
Campbell, D.T. ( 1977). Descriptive epistemology: Psychological, sociological and evolutionary. William James Lectures, Harvard University .
7.
Campbell, D.T., & Stanley, J.C. ( 1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research . Chicago: Rand McNally.
8.
Cannella, G.S., & Lincoln, Y.S. ( 2004). Dangerous discourses II: Comprehending and countering the redeployment of discourses (and resources) in the generation of liberatory inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 165-174.
9.
Christians, C. ( 2005). Ethics and politics in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 139-164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
10.
Clark, V. L. P., & Creswell, J. W. (Eds.). (2008). The mixed methods reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage .
11.
Clark, V.L., Creswell, J.W., Green, D.O., & Shope, R.J. ( 2008). Mixing quantitative and qualitative approaches: An introduction to emergent mixed methods research. In S. N. Hess-Biber & P. Leavy (Eds.), Handbook of emergent methods (pp. 363-387). New York: Guilford.
Denzin, N.K. ( 2009). Qualitative inquiry under fire: Toward a new paradigm dialogue. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
14.
Denzin, N. K., & Giardina, M. D. (Eds.). (2006). Qualitative inquiry and the conservative challenge: Contesting methodological fundamentalism . Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press .
15.
Denzin, N.K., & Giardina, M.D. (2008). Introduction: The elephant in the living room, or advancing the conversation about the politics of evidence . In N. K. Denzin & M. D. Giardina (Eds.), Qualitative inquiry and the politics of evidence (pp. 9-52). Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
16.
Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. ( 2005). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 1-32). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17.
Dillard, C.B. ( 2006). When the music changes, so should the dance: Cultural and spiritual considerations in paradigm "proliferation." International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 59-76.
18.
Dixon-Woods, M., Bonas, S., Booth, A., Jones, D.R., Miller, T., Sutton, A.J., et al. (2006). How can systematic reviews incorporate qualitative research? A critical perspective. Qualitative Research, 6(1), 27-44.
19.
Donmoyer, R. ( 2006). Take my paradigm . . . please! The Legacy of Kuhn’s construct in educational research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 11-34.
20.
Eisenhart, M. ( 2006). Qualitative science in experimental time. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 697-707.
21.
Eisenhart, M., & DeHaan, R.L. (2005). Doctoral preparation of scientifically based education researchers. Education Researcher , 34(4), 3-13.
Flick, U. ( 1992). Triangulation revisited: Strategy of or alternative to validation of qualitative data. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 22, 175-197.
25.
Flick, U. ( 2002). An introduction to qualitative research. London: Sage.
26.
Gage, N.L. ( 1989). The paradigm wars and their aftermath: A "historical" sketch of research and teaching since 1989. Educational Researcher , 18(7), 4-10.
27.
Greene, J.C., Caracelli, V.J., & Graham, W.E. ( 1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11, 255-274.
28.
Guba, E. ( 1990a). The alternative paradigm dialog. In E. Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialog (pp. 17-30). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
29.
Guba, E. ( 1990b). Carrying on the dialog. In E. Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialog (pp. 368-378). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
30.
Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y.S. ( 2005). Paradigmatic controversies, and emerging confluences . In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 191-216). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31.
Hatch, A. ( 2006). Qualitative studies in the era of scientifically-based research: Musings of a former QSE editor. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 403-409.
32.
Hesse-Biber, S.N., & Leavy, P. ( 2008). Introduction: Pushing on the methodological boundaries: The growing need for emergent methods within and across the disciplines. In S. N. Hess-Biber & P. Leavy (Eds.), Handbook of emergent methods (pp. 1-15). New York: Guilford .
33.
Howe, K.R. ( 1988). Against the quantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis or dogmas die hard. Educational Researcher, 17(8), 10-16.
34.
Howe, K.R. ( 2004). A critique of experimentalism. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 42-61.
35.
Kuhn, T. ( 1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
36.
Kvale, S. ( 2008). Qualitative inquiry between scientistic evidentialism, ethical subjectivism and the free market. International Review of Qualitative Research, 1(1), 5-18.
37.
Lather, P. ( 2006a). Paradigm Proliferation as a good thing to think with: Teaching research in education as a wild profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 35-57.
38.
Lather, P. ( 2006b). Foucauldian scientificity: Rethinking the nexus of qualitative research and educational policy analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 783-791.
Luke, C., & Gore, J. (Eds.). (1992). Feminists and critical pedagogy . New York: Routledge.
41.
MacLure, M. ( 2006). The bone in the throat: Some uncertain thoughts on baroque method. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education , 19, 729-745.
42.
Maxcy, S.J. ( 2003). Pragmatic threads in mixed methods research in the social sciences: The search for multiple modes of inquiry and the end of the philosophy of formalism. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed-methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 51-89). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
43.
Maxwell, J.A., & Loomis, D.M. ( 2003). Mixed methods design: An alternative approach. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed-methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 241-271). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
44.
McLaren, P., & Kincheloe, J. L. (Eds.). (2007). Critical pedagogy: Where are we now?New York: Peter Lang .
45.
Mertens, D.M. ( 2003). Mixed methods and the politics of human research: The transformative-emancipatory perspective. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed-methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 135-166). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46.
Mertens, D. M. (Ed.). (2005). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage .
47.
Morse, J.M. ( 2003). Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed-methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 189-208). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
48.
Morse, J.M. ( 2006). The politics of evidence. In N. K. Denzin & M. D. Giardina (Eds.), Qualitative inquiry and the conservative challenge (pp. 79-92). Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
49.
National Research Council. (2002). Scientific research in education (Committee on Scientific Principles for Education Research, ed. R. J. Shavelson & L. Towne), Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
50.
National Research Council. (2005). Advancing scientific research in education (Committee on Scientific Principles for Education Research, ed. L. Towne, L. Wise, & T. M. Winters). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
51.
Nespor, J. ( 2006). Methodological inquiry: The uses and spaces of paradigm proliferation. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 115-128.
52.
Oakley, A. ( 2005a). The Ann Oakley reader. Cambridge , UK: Polity.
53.
Oakley, A. ( 2005b). Doing social science research. In A. Oakley, The Ann Oakley reader (pp. 183-188). Cambridge, UK : Polity.
54.
Oakley, A. ( 2005c). Who’s afraid of the randomized controlled trial? Some dilemmas of the scientific method and good research practice. In A. Oakley, The Ann Oakley reader (pp. 233-244). Cambridge, UK: Polity.
55.
Oakley, A. ( 2005d). Paradigm wars: Some thoughts on a personal and public trajectory. In A. Oakley, The Ann Oakley reader (pp. 245-250). Cambridge, UK: Polity.
56.
Preissle, J. ( 2006). Envisioning qualitative inquiry: A view across four decades . International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education , 19, 685-696.
57.
Richardson, L. ( 2000). Writing: A method of inquiry. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 923-948). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
58.
Ryan, K.E., & Hood, L. ( 2004). Guarding the castle and opening the gates. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 79-95.
59.
Saukko, P. ( 2003). Doing research in cultural studies: An introduction to classical and new methodological approaches. London: Sage.
60.
Scheurich, J.J., & Clark, M.C. ( 2006). Qualitative studies in education at the beginning of the twenty-first century. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 401.
61.
Scheurich, J.J., & Young, M. ( 1997). Coloring epistemologies: Are our research epistemologies racially biased? Educational Researcher, 26(4), 4-16.
62.
Schwandt, T.A. ( 2000). Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry: Interpretivism, hermeneutics and social constructivism. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 189-214). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
63.
Schwandt, T. ( 2006). Opposition redefined. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 803-810.
64.
Silverman, D. ( 1985). Qualitative methodology in sociology. Brookfield, VT: Gower.
65.
Silverman, D. ( 2005). Doing qualitative research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
66.
St. Pierre, E.A. ( 2004). Refusing alternatives: A science of contestation. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 130-139.
67.
St. Pierre, E.A. ( 2006). Scientifically based research in education: Epistemology and ethics. Adult Education Quarterly, 56, 239-266.
68.
St Pierre,. E. A., & Roulston, K. ( 2006). The state of qualitative inquiry: A contested science . International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education , 19, 673-684.
69.
Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2003a). Preface. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed-methods in social and behavioral research (pp. ix-xv). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
70.
Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2003b). Major issues and controversies in the use of mixed methods in the social and behavioral sciences. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed-methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 3-50). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71.
Torrance, H. ( 2006). Research quality and research governance in the United Kingdom: From methodology to management. In N. K. Denzin & M. D. Giardina (Eds.), Qualitative inquiry and the conservative challenge (pp. 127-148). Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
72.
Vidich, A.J., & Lyman, S.M. ( 1994). Qualitative methods: Their history in sociology and anthropology . In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 23-59). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
73.
Webb, E.J., Campbell, D.T., Schwartz, R.D., & Sechrest, L. ( 1966). Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences. Chicago: Rand McNally .
74.
Wright, H.K. ( 2006). Are we (t)here yet? Qualitative research in education’s profuse and contested present. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19, 793-802.
75.
Wright, H.K., & Lather, P. ( 2006). Paradigm proliferation in educational research [Special issue]. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education , 19(1).