BanduraA. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
2.
BridgelandJ. M.Di IulioJ. J.Jr.MorisonK. B. (2006). The silent epidemic: Perspectives of high school dropouts. Washington, DC: Civic Enterprises.
3.
CrossW. E.Jr.VandiverB. J. (2001). Nigrescence theory and measurement: Introducing the Cross Racial Identity Scale. In PonterottoJ.CasasJ. M.SuzukiL. A.AlexanderC. M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 371–393). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4.
EcclesJ. S.WigfieldA. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 109–132.
5.
FergusonR. F. (2001). Analysis of Black-White GPA disparities in Shaker Heights, Ohio. New York: Brookings Institute.
6.
FordD. Y. (1996). Reversing underachievement among gifted Black students: Promising practices and programs. New York: Teachers College Press.
7.
FordD. Y. (2006). Closing the achievement gap: How gifted education can help. Gifted Child Today, 29(4), 14–18.
8.
FordD. Y.GranthamT. C.WhitingG. W. (2008). Another look at the achievement gap: Learning from the experiences of gifted Black students. Urban Education, 43, 216–239.
9.
FordhamS. (1988). Racelessness as a strategy in Black students' school success: Pragmatic strategy or Pyrrhic victory?Harvard Educational Review, 58, 54–84.
10.
GranthamT. C. (1994). Improving achievement outcomes for African American students: An organizational effectiveness study. Charlottesville: The University of Virginia.
11.
GranthamT. C. (2004). Rocky Jones: Case study of a high-achieving Black male's motivation to participate in gifted classes. Roeper Review, 26, 208–215.
12.
HrabrowskiF. A. (1998). Beating the odds: Raising academically successful African American males. New York: Oxford University Press.
13.
HébertT. P. (2001). “If I had a new notebook, I know things would change”: Bright underachieving young men in urban classrooms. Gifted Child Quarterly, 45, 174–194.
14.
McClellandD. C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
15.
MooreJ. L.IIIFordD. Y.OwensD.HallT.ByrdM.HenfieldM. et al. (2006). Recruitment of African Americans in gifted education: Lessons learned from higher education. Mid-Western Educational Research Journal, 19(2), 3–12.
16.
No Child Left Behind Act, 20 U.S.C. §6301 (2001).
17.
RoderickM. (2003). What's happening to the boys? Early high school experience and school outcomes among African American male adolescents in Chicago. Urban Education, 38, 538–607.
18.
RotterJ. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1), 1–28.
19.
SchubertH. J. (Ed.). (1998). Charles Horton Cooley: On self and social organization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20.
U.S. Department of Education. (2002). Elementary and secondary schools civil rights survey: Demographics of gifted programs. Washington, DC: Author.
21.
U.S. Department of Education. (2008). The condition of education 2008. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
22.
WhitingG. W. (2006). Promoting a scholar identity among African-American males: Implications for gifted education. Gifted Education Psychology Press, 20(3), 2–6.