Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome is a serious complication of pregnancy. Postpartum hemorrhage indicates poor prognosis of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome. The aim of our study is to investigate the predictive value of coagulation markers for postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome. In a retrospective cohort study, 106 patients who were diagnosed as pregnant women with HELLP syndrome in Peking University Third Hospital from August 2010 to January 2017 were analyzed. The demographic characters of maternal and fetus, days of hospital stay, postpartum complications, and the laboratory tests of coagulation markers within 3 days before delivery were collected. In addition, 100 healthy pregnant women were collected as a control group. The result showed that the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women with postpartum hemorrhage was higher than that in pregnant women without hemorrhage (P = .011). The level of fibrinogen (FIB) in postpartum hemorrhage pregnant women with HELLP syndrome was lower than that in nonpostpartum hemorrhage pregnant women with HELLP syndrome and healthy pregnant women (2.3 [1.68-2.81] vs 3.64 ± 0.95, P = .000; 2.3 [1.68-2.81] vs 4.48 ± 0.62, P = .000). Multivariate analysis showed that decreased FIB levels independently predicted the postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome (odds ratio = 7.374, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.551-35.05, P = .012). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve of FIB level when predicting postpartum hemorrhage is 0.841 (95% CI, 0.708-0.976). When the cutoff value of FIB was 3.04 g/L, the sensitivity was 90.90% and the specificity was75.80%. Therefore, the low level of prenatal FIB is a reliable biomarker to predict postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome, which make it useful for pregnant women with HELLP syndrome in guiding surveillance therapy and prognosis assessment.

Keywords

fibrinogen HELLP syndrome postpartum hemorrhage

Background

Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome is a serious complication of pregnancy. The incidence varies from 0.5% to 0.9% in pregnancies.¹ About 70% of HELLP syndrome occurs between the 27th and 37th week of gestation.² The HELLP syndrome is characterized by microvascular hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, decreased platelet count, and with or without pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.^3
–5 Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome may be a type of severe preeclampsia, which is associated with severe clinical complications. Postpartum hemorrhage is one of severe clinical complications of HELLP syndrome, which indicates poor prognosis. In addition, HELLP syndrome is also a serious threat to maternal and perinatal infant health.^5,6

The etiology and mechanism of HELLP syndrome have not been fully elucidated. Previous studies show that HELLP syndrome is a severe phenotype of preeclampsia. Therefore, HELLP syndrome may be associated with the placental development and dysfunction. In addition, HELLP syndrome has significant characteristics of liver inflammation, complement system, and hemostatic system disorder.⁷ Among them, hemostatic system disorder often causes postpartum hemorrhage in HELLP syndrome. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)is one of the main causes of postpartum hemorrhage in HELLP syndrome.⁸ There may be the following mechanisms for the occurrence of DIC: (1) platelet activation, (2) endothelial dysfunction, (3) trophoblast activation of the coagulation cascade, and (4) liver function damage.⁹ So, early monitoring of changes in coagulation system and timely treatment may reduce the complications of postpartum hemorrhage and improve the prognosis of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome.

Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and d-dimer (D-D) can be usually rapid tested in clinical laboratory. There has not been a study examining the prognostic significance of these coagulation markers in postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between these prenatal coagulation markers and postpartum hemorrhage in pregnant women with HELLP syndrome.

Patients and Methods

Patients

In a retrospective cohort study, 106 patients who were diagnosed as pregnant women with HELLP syndrome in Peking University Third Hospital from August 2010 to January 2017 were collected. Tennessee classification system was used as the diagnostic criterion of HELLP syndrome: platelet count <100 × 10⁹/L, aspartate transaminase ≥70 UI/L or alanine transaminase ≥40 U/L, and intravascular hemolysis (observed in the peripheral blood analysis of the microscopic film abnormal, serum bilirubin ≥20.5 μmol/L or 1.2 mg/dL, lactate dehydrogenase > 600 U/L).¹⁰ The demographic characteristics of maternal and fetus, postpartum complications, days of hospital stay, maternal age, weeks to terminate pregnancy, and maternal basic diseases are also included. Exclusion criteria included are as follows: (1) The pregnant women did not terminate their pregnancy in our hospital, and (2) the data of coagulation markers were not available within 3 days before delivery. In addition, 100 healthy parturient pregnant women were collected as a control group. Exclusion criteria included are as follows: (1) The pregnant women did not terminate their pregnancy in our hospital, and (2) cases had liver diseases, kidney diseases, hematological diseases, malignant tumor, familial thrombophilia, autoimmune diseases, and severe systemic bacterial or viral infections.

This study was approved by the hospital research and ethical committee. Every participant provided informed consent before any procedures were undertaken.

Measurement of Coagulation Markers

The laboratory coagulation markers within 7 days before delivery were measured. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture of an antecubital vein into vacuum tubes (Becton Dickinson Medical Devices Co Ltd, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey) containing 1:9 (vol/vol) of 0.109 mmol/L sodium citrate. All blood samples were centrifuged at 1500g for 15 minutes to obtain plasma within 1 hour. Each blood sample was tested within 4 hours. All assays were performed on an automated coagulation analyzer (ACL TOP, Instrumentation Laboratory, Spain). These tests were detected according to standard operating procedures of the instrument. The methods are listed below.

Reagents

Test	Method	Reagent
APTT	Clotting time method (by turbidimetry)	SynthASil kit (Instrumentation Laboratory, Spain)
PT	Clotting time method (by turbidimetry)	RecombiPlasTin 2G kit (Instrumentation Laboratory, Spain)
FIB	Clauss method	Fibrinogen-C XL kit (Instrumentation Laboratory, Spain)
d-D level	Latex-enhanced immunoassay	d-Dimer HS kit (Instrumentation Laboratory, Spain)

Follow-Up and End Points

Patients were followed up at regular intervals. In the early pregnancy, patients were followed up at 3-month intervals. In the second trimester of pregnancy, patients were followed up at 1-month intervals. In the third trimester of pregnancy, patients were followed up at 1- to 2-week intervals. Afterward, patients were followed up for 1 month after delivery. The major events were postpartum hemorrhage and death.

Diagnostic criteria for postpartum hemorrhage include blood loss after vaginal delivery ≥500 mL or blood loss after cesarean delivery ≥1000 mL.¹¹

Statistical Analysis

Data were checked for normality. Normally distributed continuous are expressed as mean ( $\bar{x}$ ) and the standard deviation (s); otherwise, median (M) and quartile ranges from the lower quartile Q1 to the upper quartile Q3 (Q1-Q3) were used. Statistical comparisons were tested with t test in the case of normally distributed data or with Mann-Whitney U test when data distribution was asymmetrical. Kruskal-Wallis test was used in the comparison of 3 groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent factors. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the performance of prenatal FIB level in predicting postpartum hemorrhage. The cutoff values were identified by Youden index (sensitivity + specificity −1). A 2-tailed P value <.05 was considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 16.0.

Results

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women With HELLP Syndrome

A total of 106 pregnant women with HELLP syndrome were included in the study. The demographic and clinical characteristics of 106 cases are listed in Table 1. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 11 cases of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome. The level of FIB in postpartum hemorrhage group was lower than that in nonpostpartum hemorrhage group (P < .001). Weeks of terminate pregnancy in postpartum hemorrhage group were shorter than that in nonpostpartum hemorrhage group (P = .026). The length of hospital stay in postpartum hemorrhage group was longer than that in nonpostpartum hemorrhage group (P = .038). The incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women with postpartum hemorrhage was higher than that in pregnant women without hemorrhage (P = .011). No significant difference was found in age, blood pressure, multiple birth, dead fetus, APTT, PT, and D-D between postpartum hemorrhage group and nonpostpartum hemorrhage group (P < .05, respectively).

Table 1.

Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women With HELLP Syndrome.

Characteristics	Nonpostpartum Hemorrhage	Postpartum Hemorrhage	P
Age ≥35 years, n (%)	26 (27.37)	4 (36.36)	.531
Blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg), n (%)	73 (76.84)	6 (54.54)	.108
Length of hospital stay(>7 days), n (%)	56 (58.95)	10 (90.91)	.038
Termination of pregnancy (<37 weeks), n (%)	84 (88.42)	7 (63.64)	.026
Multiple births, n (%)	13 (13.68)	3 (27.27)	.233
Dead fetus, n (%)	25 (26.31)	5 (45.45)	.182
Maternal basic diseases, n (%)
Hypertension	13 (13.68%)	1 (9.09)	.670
Diabetes	3 (3.16)	—	—
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome	1 (1.05)	—	—
Hypothyroidism	1 (1.05)	—	—
Hepatitis B	2 (2.10)	—	—
Thalassemia	—	1 (9.09)	—
Thrombocytopenic purpura	1 (1.05)	—	—
Preeclampsia	19 (20.00)	6 (54.54)	.011
APTT, seconds	30.30 ± 3.52	29.95 (28.35-33.55)	.440
PT, seconds	9.53 ± 1.91	9.60 (9.02-11.92)	.221
FIB, g/L	3.64 ± 0.95	2.3 (1.68-2.81)	<.001
D-D, μg/mL	0.86 (0.47-2.41)	1.15 (0.58-7.32)	.310

Abbreviations: APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; D-D, d-dimer; FIB, fibrinogen; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets; PT, prothrombin time.

Comparison of the Level of FIB Between Healthy Pregnant Women Group and Pregnant Women With HELLP Syndrome Group

The level of FIB in postpartum hemorrhage pregnant women with HELLP syndrome was lower than that in nonpostpartum hemorrhage pregnant women with HELLP syndrome and healthy pregnant women (2.3 [1.68-2.81] vs 3.64 ± 0.95, P = .000; 2.3 [1.68-2.81] vs 4.48 ± 0.62, P = .000; Figure 1).

Figure 1.

The level of prenatal FIB in postpartum hemorrhage group, nonpostpartum hemorrhage group, and healthy pregnant women. The level of FIB in postpartum hemorrhage group of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome was lower than that in nonpostpartum hemorrhage group of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome and healthy pregnant women (2.3 [1.68-2.81] vs 3.64 ± 0.95, P = .000; 2.3 [1.68-2.81] vs 4.48 ± 0.62, P = .000). FIB indicates fibrinogen; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets.

Prognostic Value of Coagulation Markers in Postpartum Hemorrhage of Pregnant Women With HELLP Syndrome

Multivariate analysis showed that decreased levels of FIB independently predicted postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome (odds ratio [OR] = 7.374, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.551-35.05, P = .012; Table 2). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of FIB when predicting postpartum hemorrhage was 0.841 (95% CI, 0.708-0.976; Figure2). When the cutoff value of FIB was 3.04 g/L, the sensitivity was 90.90% and the specificity was75.80%. The cutoff values were identified by Youden index (sensitivity + specificity − 1). When the level of FIB was 1.42 g/L, the specificity was 100% and the positive predictive value was 100%; when the level of FIB was 4.28 g/L, the sensitivity was 100% and the negative predictive value was 100%.The AUC of APTT and PT was 0.571 (95% CI, 0.397-0.745) and 0.613 (95% CI, 0.415-0.811), respectively.

Table 2.

Prognostic Factors for Pregnant Women With HELLP Syndrome With Postpartum Hemorrhage.

Factor	Multivariate Analysis
Factor	OR (95% CI)	P
Age ≥35 years	1.850 (0.226-15.164)	.566
Length of hospital stay (>7 days)	4.537 (0.135-152.347)	.399
Termination of pregnancy (<37 weeks)	1.019 (0.106-9.755)	.987
Multiple births	4.445 (0.413-47.795)	.218
Dead fetus	3.905 (0.374-40.739)	.255
Preeclampsia	7.711 (0.802-74.134)	.077
APTT, seconds	0.960 (0.705-1.308)	.796
PT, seconds	1.067 (0.690-1.650)	.770
FIB, g/L	7.374 (1.551-35.05)	.012
D-D, μg/mL	0.758 (0.468-1.230)	.262

Abbreviations: APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; CI, confidence interval; D-D, d-dimer; FIB, fibrinogen; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets; OR, odds ratio; PT, prothrombin time.

Figure 2.

The levels of prenatal FIB predict postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome. ROC showed that AUC of FIB when predicting postpartum hemorrhage was 0.841 (95% CI, 0.708-0.976). But, the AUC of APTT and PT was 0.571 (95% CI, 0.397-0.745) and 0.613 (95% CI, 0.415-0.811), respectively. When the cutoff value of FIB was 3.04 g/L, the sensitivity was 90.90% and the specificity was75.80%. The cutoff values were identified by Youden index (sensitivity + specificity − 1). When the level of FIB was 1.42 g/L, the specificity was 100% and the positive predictive value was 100%; when the level of FIB was 4.28 g/L, the sensitivity was 100% and the negative predictive value was 100%. APTT indicates activated partial thromboplastin time; AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; FIB, fibrinogen; HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets; PT, prothrombin time; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve.

Discussion

Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome can lead to serious life-threatening complications. Postpartum hemorrhage is one of severe clinical complications of pregnant woman with HELLP syndrome.¹² Of the 106 pregnant women with HELLP syndrome selected in this study, 23.58% (25/106) had been diagnosed with preeclampsia. This result suggested that HELLP syndrome may be a phenotype of severe preeclampsia or a pathological pathology that intersects with preeclampsia.^13,14 Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disease that originates from the abnormal placental dysplasia and dysfunction. The previously studies speculated that HELLP syndrome was a systemic inflammatory disease. Patients not only have endothelial damage and hemostatic disorders but also have stronger liver damage and the activation of hemostatic system than preeclampsia.^7,15,16

With the development of medicine, most of the pregnant women with HELLP syndrome had good outcomes. In this study, only 1 patient died. This result was consistent with the study of Rimaitis et al.⁴ The main complication of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome was postpartum hemorrhage (11/106, 10.38%). The cause of postpartum hemorrhage is uterine contraction and hemostatic dysfunction.¹⁶ In the normal physiological state, procoagulant system and anticoagulant fibrinolysis system maintain the balance of hemodynamics. However, patients with HELLP syndrome have extensive damage of endothelial cell, persistent activation of platelets, and clotting factors, followed by secondary activation of anticoagulant proteins and fibrinolysis systems, ultimately leading to persistent consumptive changes in the hemostatic system. Therefore, the disorders of coagulation system may predict postpartum hemorrhage of HELLP syndrome.

In our study, the level of FIB in healthy pregnant women was higher than that in pregnant women with HELLP syndrome (P < .001). This result was in agreement with the study of Haram et al.⁸ Fibrinogen is a key component in the thrombosis and hemostasis. During normal pregnancy, in order to prepare for the delivery, the level of FIB in pregnant women will increase about twice as much as that in nonpregnant women.^8,17 When the level of FIB is below 3 g/L, coagulation abnormalities are usually present.¹⁸ In this present study, the level of FIB in postpartum hemorrhage group was lower than that in nonpostpartum hemorrhage group (P < .001). Multivariate analysis showed that decreased FIB levels independently predicted postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome (OR = 7.374, 95% CI, 1.551-35.05, P = .012). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the AUC of FIB when predicting postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome is 0.841 (95% CI, 0.708-0.976). When the cutoff value of FIB was 3.04 g/L, the sensitivity was 90.90% and the specificity was75.80%. But, The AUC of APTT and PT was only 0.571 (95% CI: 0.397-0.745) and 0.613 (95% CI:0.415-0.811). This result was similar to the study of Collins et al¹⁹ and Lockhart.²⁰ Their studies speculated that the level of FIB was more sensitive than PT, APTT, or platelet count in the prediction for hemorrhage. In their studies, when the level of FIB <2g/L, the positive predictive value for progression to severe postpartum hemorrhage was 100%; when the level of FIB >4g/L, the negative predictive value was 79%. This may be related to the fact that FIB was not only the substrate of coagulation cascade activation reaction but also the substrate of fibrinolytic system lysis reaction.²¹ However, both PT and APTT can only reflect the activation of coagulation systems, but can’t reflect the state of anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. And, D-D can only reflect the degradation of fibrin formation, but can’t reflect the activation of coagulation systems. Therefore, as a common substrate of thrombin and plasmin, the level of FIB may be more sensitive to reflect the extent of hemostatic system consumption. These results suggest that maintaining a certain level of FIB in pregnant women with HELLP syndrome during the perinatal period may help reduce the complication of postpartum hemorrhage.

Conclusions

The low prenatal FIB level is a reliable biomarker to predict postpartum hemorrhage of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome, which make it useful for pregnant women with HELLP syndrome in guiding the surveillance therapy and prognosis assessment.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81601824), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS; Grant No. 2017-I2M-3-005), and the Peking University Third Hospital Clinical Key Project (BYSY2017008).

ORCID iD

Chanjuan Cui

References

Sibai

Ramadan

Usta

Salama

Mercer

Friedman

. Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169(4):1000–1006.

Barton

Sibai

. Diagnosis and management of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Clin Perinatol. 2004;31(4):807–833.

Martin

Brewer

Wallace

, et al. HELLP syndrome and composite major maternal morbidity: importance of Mississippi classification system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(12):1201–1206.

Rimaitis

Grauslyte

Zavackiene

Baliuliene

Nadisauskiene

Macas

. Diagnosis of HELLP syndrome: a 10-year survey in a perinatology centre. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):109.

Dusse

Alpoim

Silva

Rios

Brandão

Cabral

. Revisiting HELLP syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;451(pt B):117–120.

Westbrook

Dusheiko

Williamson

. Pregnancy and liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64(4):933–945.

Benedetto

Marozio

Tancredi

, et al. Biochemistry of HELLP syndrome. Adv Clin Chem. 2011;53:85–104.

Haram

Mortensen

Mastrolia

Erez

. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the HELLP syndrome: how much do we really know? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(7):779–788.

Erez

Mastrolia

Thachil

. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy: insights in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(4):452–463.

10.

Sibai

. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(5 pt 1):981–991.

11.

Newsome

Martin

Bercu

Shah

Shekhani

Peters

. Postpartum hemorrhage. Tech Vase Interv Radiol. 2017;20(4):266–273.

12.

Martin

Rose

Briery

. Understanding and managing HELLP syndrome: the integral role of aggressive glucocorticoids for mother and child. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):914–934.

13.

Oliveira

Poon

Nicolaides

Baschat

. First trimester prediction of HELLP syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2016;36(1):29–33.

14.

Ospina-Tascon

Nieto Calvache

Quinones

, et al. Microcirculatory blood flow derangements during severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2017;10:124–130.

15.

Jebbink

Wolters

Fernando

Afink

van der Post

Ris-Stalpers

. Molecular genetics of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome—a review. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822(12):1960–1969.

16.

Evensen

Anderson

Fontaine

. Postpartum hemorrhage: prevention and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(7):442–449.

17.

Cui

Yang

Zhang

, et al. Trimester-specific coagulation and anticoagulation reference intervals for healthy pregnancy. Thromb Res. 2017;156:82–86.

18.

Erez

Novack

Beer-Weisel

, et al. DIC score in pregnant women—a population based modification of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis score. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93240.

19.

Collins

Bell

De Lloyd

Collis

. Management of postpartum haemorrhage: from research into practice, a narrative review of the literature and the Cardiff experience. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019;37:106–117.

20.

Lockhart

. Postpartum hemorrhage: a continuing challenge. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015;2015:132–137.

21.

Chapin

Hajjar

. Fibrinolysis and the control of blood coagulation. Blood Rev. 2014;29(1):17–24.

Prenatal Plasma Fibrinogen Level Predicts Postpartum Hemorrhage of Patients With HELLP Syndrome

Abstract

Keywords

Background

Patients and Methods

Patients

Measurement of Coagulation Markers

Reagents

Follow-Up and End Points

Statistical Analysis

Results

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women With HELLP Syndrome

Comparison of the Level of FIB Between Healthy Pregnant Women Group and Pregnant Women With HELLP Syndrome Group

Prognostic Value of Coagulation Markers in Postpartum Hemorrhage of Pregnant Women With HELLP Syndrome

Discussion

Conclusions

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

ORCID iD

References