The data base from a series of qualitative and quantitative field studies of the implementation of educational innovations has been used to develop an Intervention Taxonomy. In the
Intervention Taxonomy, various levels of interventions have been identified and defined.
In subsequent research, this intervention classification system has been used to analyze the
interventions made by school principals and other changefacilitators. One outcome of this
application was further refinement of the Intervention Taxonomy level definitions and
development of an initial conceptual framework. In the conceptual framework, hypotheses about the interrelationships between the various categories and levels of interven tions are explored. The refined Intervention Taxonomy and the conceptualframework are
presented in this article.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anderberg, M.R. (1973) Cluster Analysis for Applications. New York: Academic Press.
2.
Chin, R., and K. Benne (1969) "General strategies for effecting changes in human systems," in W. Bennis et al. (eds.) The Planning of Change. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
3.
Educational Resources Information Center ( 1977) Descriptor List.
4.
Glasser, W. (1969) Schools Without Failure. New York: Harper & Row.
5.
Goldstein, M.L. and W.L. Rutherford (1982) "Methodologies for documenting interventions: strengths of a hybrid/ multi-informant approach." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City.
6.
Greiner, L. (1972) "Evolution and revolution as organizations grow ." Harvard Business Rev.50 (July-August): 37-46.
7.
Gross, N., J.B. Giacquinta, and M. Bernstein (1971) Implementing Organizational Innovations: A Sociological Analysis of Planned Educational Change. New York: Basic Books.
8.
Guba, E.G. (1967) "Development, diffusion and evaluation." Knowledge Production and Utilization in Educational Administration . Portland, OR: UCEA Career Development Seminar.
9.
Hall, G.E. (1980) "Ethnographers and ethnographic data: an iceberg of the first order for the research manager." Education and Urban Society12, 3: 349-366.
10.
——— and S.F. Loucks (1978) "Teacher concerns as a basis for facilitating and personalizing staff development." Teachers College Record80, 1: 36-53.
11.
——— W.L. Rutherford and B.W. Newlove (1975) "Levels of use of the innovation: a framework for analyzing innovation adoption." J. of Teacher Education26, 1: 52-56.
12.
Hall, G.E., W.L. Rutherford, S.M. Hord, and L.L. Huling (1984) "Effects of three principal styles on school improvement ." Educational Leadership41, 5: 22-29.
13.
——— and T.H. Griffin (1982) "Three change facilitator styles: some indicators and a proposed framework." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City.
14.
Hall, G.E., R.C. Wallace, Jr., and W.A. Dossett (1973) A Developmental Conceptualization of the Adoption Process Within Educational Institutions. Austin: University of Texas, Research and Development Center for Teacher Education .
15.
Havelock, R.G. (1973) The Change Agent's Guide to Innovation in Education . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
16.
Hord, S.M. (1980) "Under the eye of the enthnographer: reactions and perceptions of the observed." Education and Urban Society12, 3: 323-348.
17.
———( 1979) "Context and research plan for analysis of interventions in a two-year study of innovation implementation." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association , San Francisco.
18.
——— and M.L. Goldstein (1982) "What does the principal do to facilitate change: their interventions." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City.
19.
Hord, S.M. and G.E. Hall (1982) "Procedures for quantitative analysis of change facilitator interventions." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City.
20.
——— and P. Zigarmi (1980) "Anatomy of incident and tactic interventions: dimension design." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston .
21.
Hord, S.M., L.L. Huling, and S. Stiegelbauer (1983) "Analysis of interventions in school improvement efforts." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal.
22.
Hord, S.M. and J.C. Thurber (1983) "Implications of research: preparing principals for leadership roles." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City.
23.
Huling, L.L., G.E. Hall, and S.M. Hord (1982) "Effects of principal interventions on teachers during the change process." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City.
24.
——— and W.L. Rutherford (1983) "A multidimensional approach for assessing implementation success." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal.
25.
Lewin, K. (1948) Resolving Social Conflict. New York: Harper & Row.
26.
Schmuck, R. A. and M. B. Miles [eds.] (1971) Organization Development in Schools. Palo Alto, CA: National Press Books.
27.
Stiegelbauer, S.S., M. Goldstein, and L.L. Huling (1982) "Through the eye of the beholder: on the use of qualitative methods in data analysis." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City.
28.
Watson, G. (1976) "Resistance to change," in G. Watson (ed.) Concepts for Social Change. Washington, DC: Cooperative Project for Educational Development, National Training Laboratories.
29.
Wolman, B.B. (1973) Dictionary of Behavioral Science. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
30.
Zaltman, G., D. Florio, and L. Sikorski (1977) Dynamic Educational Change. New York: Free Press.
31.
Zigarmi, D. and P. Zigarmi (1980) "The psychological stresses of ethnographic research ." Education and Urban Society12, 3: 291-322.
32.
Zigarmi, P. and M. Goldstein (1979) "A mapping technique for the analysis of ethnographic data." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
