Knowledge Creation

Abramson. M.A. (1978) The Funding of Social Knowledge Production and Application: A Survey of Federal Agencies, Vol. 2, Study Project on Social Research and Development. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council.

AAAS [American Association for the Advancement of Science] ( 1975) "Organization for science and technology in the executive branch: an AAAS 'White Paper.'" Science 187: 810-814.

Anonymous (1976) "The two kinds of knowledge." Manas 29: 1-2, 7-8.

Atkinson, R.C. (1979) "Reinvigorating the contract between science and society." Chronicle of Higher Education 18(4): 80.

Bernstein , 1. N. and H. E. FREEMAN (1975) Academic and Entrepreneurial Research. New York: Russell Sage.

Biderman. A.D. and L.M. Sharp (1974) "The evaluation research community: RFP readers, bidders, and winners." Evaluation 2(1): 36-40.

——— (1972) The Competitive Evaluation Research Industry. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Social Science Research .

Boffey, P.M. ( 1976) "The plight of American science: sad tales from research directors." Science 194: 409-410.

Bohme, G. (1977) "Models for the development of science," pp. 319-351 in I. Spiegel-Rosing and D. de Solla Price (eds.) Science, Technology and Society: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective. London: Sage.

Branscomb, L.M. (1975) "Support for reviews and data evaluation." Science 187: 348.

Brittain, J.M. ( 1970) Information and its Users: A Review with Special Reference to the Social Sciences. New York: John Wiley.

——— and S.A. Roberts (1976) "Information services in the social sciences: development and rationalization." Int. Social Science J. 28: 835-840.

Bush, V. (1945) Science, the Endless Frontier. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Carter, G.M. , W.D. Cooper , C.S. Lai , and D.S.M. March (1978) The Consequences of Unfunded NIH Applications for the Investigator and His Research, Rand Report No. R-2229-NIH. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.

Chase, J.M. (1970) "Normative criteria for scientific publication ." Amer. Sociologist 5: 262-265.

Cherns, A.B. (1970) "Relations between research institutions and users of research." Int. Social Science J. 22: 226-242.

Cole, J.R. and S. Cole (1973) Social Stratification in Science. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

——— (1972) "The Ortega hypothesis." Science 178: 368-372.

Committee on Scientific and Technical Communication, National Academy of Sciences / National Academy of Engineering (1969 ) Scientific and Technical Communication-A Pressing National Problem and Recommendations for its Solution. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Crane, D. (1971) "Information needs and uses," pp. 3-39 in C. A. Cuadra (ed.) Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 6. Chicago : Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

——— (1969) "Social structure in a group of scientists: a test of the 'invisible college' hypothesis." Amer. Soc. Rev. 39: 335-352.

Culliton, B.J. (1976a) "NSF: trying to cope with congressional pressure for public participation." Science 191: 274, 318.

——— (1976b) "Public participation in science: still in need of definition." Science 192: 451-453.

Cutler, R.S. and D. de Solla Price (1977) "A policy perspective on scientificand technical information activities of the federal agencies ." Presented at the 1977 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Denver , February.

Cyert, R. (1979) "Limits to directed research and fostered innovation ." Address to the 1979 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Houston, January.

Deutsch, K.W. , J. Platt , and D. Senghaas (1971) "Conditions favoring major advances in social science ." Science 171: 450-459.

Edel, A. (1972) "Scientists, partisans and social conscience." Trans-Action 9: 33-39, 52.

Edge, D. (1977) "Why I am not a co-citationist." 4S (Society for Social Studies of Science) Newsletter 2: 13-19.

Elkana, Y. , J. Lederberg , R. K. Merton , A. Thackray , and H. Zuckerman [eds.] (1978) Toward a Metric of Science: The Advent of Science Indicators. New York: John Wiley.

Fisch, R. (1977) "Psychology of science," pp. 277-318 in 1. Spiegel-Rosing and D. de Solla price (eds.) Science, Technology and Society: A Cross- Disciplinary Perspective. London: Sage.

Garfield, E. (1977) "Proposal for a new profession: scientific reviewer ." Current Contents 14 (April 4): 5-8.

——— (1976) "Current comments." Current Contents (December 20): 7-9.

——— (1970) "Citation indexing for studying science." Nature 227: 669-671.

Gilbert, G.N. and S. Woolgar (1974) "The quantitative study of science: an examination of the literature." Science Studies 4: 279-294.

Goffman, W. (1971) "A mathematical method for analyzing the growth of a scientific discipline." J. of the Assoc. for Computing Machinery 18: 173-185.

Gordon, G. and E.V. Morse (1969) "Creative potential and organizational structure ." Academy of Management J. 12: 37-49.

Griffith, B.C. , H.G. Small. J.A. Stonehill , and S. Dey (1974) "The structure of scientific literatures. II: toward a macro- and microstructure for science." Science Studies 4: 339-365.

Gustafson, T. (1975) "The controversy over peer review." Science 190: 1060-1066.

Hagstrom, W.O. (1970) "Factors related to the use of different modes of publishing research in four scientific fields," pp. 85-124 in C. Nelson and D. K. Pollock (eds.) Communication Among Scientists and Engineers. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.

Hiltz, S.R. and M. Turoff (1978) Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Ieee (1977) "Records of the 1977 IEEE Conference on Scientific Journals (Special Issue)." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication VoL PC-20 (September).

Kaplan, N. (1970) "Some organizational factors affecting creativity." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management Vol. EM-7: 24-30.

——— and N. STORER (1968) "Scientific communication." Int. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 14: 112-117.

Katz, D. (1975) "Feedback in social systems: operational and systematic research on production, maintenance, control, and adaptive functions," pp. 465-513 in C. A. Bennett and A. A Lumsdaine (eds.) Evaluation and Experiment: Some Critical Issues in Assessing Social Programs. New York: Academic Press.

Kochen, M. [ed.] (1975) Informtion for Action: From Knowledge to Wisdom. New York: Academic Press.

Kranzberg, M. (1975) "The cultural and operational distinctions between science and technology," in W. A. Blanpied and W. Weisman-Dermer (eds.) Proceedings of the AAAS Interdisciplinary Workshop on the Interrelationships Between Science and Technology, and Ethics and Values, Reston, Virginia, April.

Krauze, T.K. (1972) "Social and intellectual structures of science: a mathematical analysis." Science Studies 2: 369-378.

Kuhn, T.S. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Lachman, R. and J.L. Lachman (1979) "A significant step forward: review of Thomas S. Kuhn, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change." Contemporary Psychology 24: 4-6.

Lakoff, S.A. (1974) "Congress and national science policy." Political Science Q 89: 589-611.

Lingwood, D.A. (1975) "A study of research utilization in the U.S. Forest Service," pp. 37-48 in J. A. Jolly (ed.) Technology Transfer in Research and Development. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School.

Lyons, G.M. (1976) "United States of America." Int. Social Science J. 28: 26-37.

Machlup, F. (1962) The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.

MacLeod, R. (1977) "Changing perspectives in the social history of science," pp. 149-196 in I. Spiegel-Rosing and D. de Solla Price (eds.) Science, Technology and Society: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective. London: Sage.

Mahoney, M. (1976) Scientist as Subject: The Psychological Imperative . Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

Maruyama, M. (1974) "Paradigms and communication." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 6: 3-32.

Meadows, A.J. ( 1974) Communication in Science. London: Butterworth.

——— and J.G. O'Connor (1971) "Bibliographical statistics as a guide to growth points in science." Science Studies 1: 95-99.

Menard, H.W. (1971) Science: Growth and Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.

Merton, R.K. (1949) "Science and democratic social structure," in R. K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press.

Mitroff, I.I. ( 1977) "Some unresolved issues in the psychology of science-a research agenda." 4S (Society for Social Studies of Science) Newsletter 2(3): 20-22.

——— and R.H. Kilmann (1977) "Systemic knowledge: toward an integrated theory of science." Theory and Society 4: 103-129.

Moravcsik, M.J. and P. Murugesan (1975) "Some results on the function and quality of citations ." Social Studies of Science 5: 86-92.

Morse, E.V. and G. Gordon (1974) "Cognitive skills: a determinant of scientists' local-cosmopolitan orientation." Academy of Management J. 17: 709-723.

Mulkay, M.J. (1977) "Sociology of the scientific research community," pp. 93-148 in I. Spiegel-Rosing and D. de Solla Price (eds.) Science, Technology and Society: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective. London: Sage.

National Institute of Health (1978) National Conference on Health Research Principles: Conference Report . Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

National Research Council, Study Project on Social Research and Development (1978) The Federal Investment in Knowledge of Social Problems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Science.

National Science Board (1977) Science Indicators—1976. Washington. D.C.: National Science Foundation.

——— (1976) Science at the Bicentennial—A Report from the Research Community. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.

National Science Foundation (1979) " Decline in recent science and enpneering doctoral faculty continues into 1978 ." Science Resources Studies Highlights (NSF Publication 79-301). Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.

——— (1978) Guide to Programs, FY 1978. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.

Nelkin, D. (1978) "Conference on the social assessment of science." Science, Technology, and Human Values Newsletter 25: 6-7.

Opinion Research Corporation (1976) Attitudes of the U.S. Public Toward Science and Technology, Study III.

Paisley, W.J. (1968) "Information needs and uses," pp. 1-30 in C. A. Cuadra (ed.) Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 3. Chicago : Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

Panel on Science Information, President's Science Advisory Committee (1963) Science, Government, and Information: The Responsibilities of the Technical Community and the Government in the Transfer of Information. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Pelz, D.C. and F.M. Andrews (1966) Scientists in Organizations. New York: John Wiley.

Platt, J.R. (1970) Perception and Change: Projections for Survival . Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press .

Press, F. (1978) "Science and technology: the road ahead." Science 200: 737-741.

Price, D. de Solla (1975) "Society's needs in scientific and technical information ," pp. 126-136 in Environment and Society in Transition: World Priorities. New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Science .

——— (1971a) "Principles for projecting funding of academic science in the 1970's." Science Studies 1: 85-99.

——— (1971b) "Some remarks on elitism in information and the invisible coilege phenomenon in science." J. of the Amer. Society for Information Science 22: 74-75.

——— (1969) "Measuring the size of science." Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 4: 98-111.

——— (1968) The Difference between Science and Technology. Detroit, MI: Thomas Alva Edison Foundation .

——— (1965a) "Is technology historically independent of science? A study in statistical historiography." Technology and Culture 6: 553-568.

——— (1965b) "Networks of scientific papers." Science 149: 510-515.

——— (1963) Little Science, Big Science New York: Columbia Univ. Press.

Rhoades, L.J. (1978) "NSF council preparing reports on science policy issues." ASA Footnotes 6(9): 1, 8.

Rossini, F. (1978) "Integrating technology assessments." Presented at the 1978 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C., February.

Samuelson, P.A. (1975) "The convergence of the law and the university." The Amer. Scholar 44: 256-271.

Schwartz, P. , W. Harmon , et al. (1977) Assessment of Future National and international Problem Areas, Vol. 1. Menio Park, CA: Stanford Research Institute. Science and Government Report (1977) "Academy endorses NSF peer review system." Science and Government Report 7(4): 5.

Small, H. and B.C. Griffith (1974) "The structure of scientific literatures. I. Identifying and graphing specialties." Science Studies 4: 17-40.

Smith, B.L.R. and J.J. Karlesky (1977) The State of Academic Science: The Universities in the Nation's Research Effort. New York: Change Magazine Press.

Spiegel-Rosing, I. ( 1977) "The study of science, technology, and society (SSTS): recent trends and future challenges," pp. 7-42 in 1. Spiegel-Rosing and D. de Solla Price (eds.) Science, Technology and Society: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective. London: Sage.

——— (1972) "Journal authors as an indicator of scientific manpower: a methodological study using data for the two Germanies and Europe ." Science Studies 2: 337-359.

——— and D. de Solla Price [eds.] (1977 ) Science Technology and Society: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective . London: Sage.

Trist, E. (1970) "Social research institutions: types, structures, scale." Int. Social Science J. 22: 301-324.

U.S. Congress, Senate Special Subcommittee on the National Science Foundation (1975) Federal Management of Scientific and Technical Information (STINFO) Activities: The Role of the National Science Foundation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Useem, M. (1975) "State production of social knowledge: patterns in government financing of academic social research." Boston University. (mimeo)

Zuckerman, H. (1970) "Stratification in American science." Soc. Inquiry 40: 235-257.

——— ( 1967) "Nobel laureates in science: patterns of productivity, collaboration, and authorship." Amer. Soc. Rev. 32: 391-403.

——— and R.K. Merton (1971) "Patterns of evaluation in science: institutionalization, structure and functions of the referee system." Minerva 9: 66-101.