The present article provides educators of students with emotional and behavioral disorders with information on how to develop students’ math-related self-monitoring skills. A rationale for fostering self-monitoring skills in math is followed by steps and helpful hints on how best to plan, implement, and evaluate a self-monitoring intervention across math content and settings. Readers also learn how to incorporate the self-regulation interventions of self-talk, schema instruction, and Cover-Copy-Compare within math-focused self-monitoring intervention programming.
BruhnA.McDanielS.KreighC. (2015). Self-monitoring interventions for students with behavior problems: A systematic review of current research. Behavioral Disorders, 40, 102-121.
2.
BruhnA. L.FernandoJ.McDanielS.TroughtonL. (2017). Putting behavioral goal-setting research into practice. Beyond Behavior, 26, 66-73. http://doi.org/10.1177/1074295617711208
3.
BruhnA. L.RilaA.MahatmyaD.EstrapalaS.HendrixN. (2020). The effects of data- based, individualized interventions for behavior. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 28(1), 3-16. http://doi.org/10.1177/1063426618806279
4.
CancioE. J.WestR. P.YoungK. R. (2004). Improving mathematics homework Completion and accuracy of students with EBD through self-management and parent participation. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(1), 9-22.
5.
CarrS. C.PunzoR. P. (1993). The effects of self-monitoring of academic accuracy and productivity on the performance of students with behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 18, 241-250.
6.
CookK.SayeskiK. (2022). Self-monitoring with secondary students: Using a smartphone app to increase attention to task. Beyond Behavior. http://doi.org/10.1177/10742956221085946
DavisR. W.HajicekJ. O. (1985). Effects of self-instructional training and strategy training on a mathematics task with severely behaviorally disordered students. Behavioral Disorders, 10(3), 211-218.
9.
EnnisR.RoyerD.LaneK.GriffithC. (2017). A systematic review of precorrection in PK-12 settings. Education and Treatment of Children, 40(4), 465-496.
10.
EpsteinM. H.NelsonJ. R.TroutA. L.MooneyP. (2005). Achievement and emotional disturbance: Academic status and intervention research. In EpsteinM. H.KutashK.DuchnowskiA. (Eds.), Outcomes for children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders and their families: Programs and evaluation best practices (2nd ed., pp. 451-477).
11.
FloresM. M.HintonV. M. (2022). The use of the concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) sequence to improve mathematical outcomes for elementary students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Beyond Behavior, 31(1), 16-28.
12.
HeinigerS.TuckerK.HottB.RandolphK. (2022). Classroom reinforcement systems: Using token economies to foster independence. Beyond Behavior.
13.
JitendraA. K.GeorgeM. P.SoodS.PriceK. (2010). Schema-based instruction: Facilitating mathematical word problem solving for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Preventing School Failure, 54(3), 145-151.
14.
LamA. L.ColeC. L. (1994). Relative effects of self-monitoring on-task behavior, academic accuracy, and disruptive behavior in students with behavior disorders. School Psychology Review, 23(1), 44-59.
15.
LantermanC.LockwoodA. B.SealanderK.WinansS.NovelliM. (2021). Expanding the gaze and moving the needle: Inclusion for students with EBD. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 65(3), 185-193.
16.
LastrapesR. E.MooneyP. (2019). Noticing and noting: Teaching students with EBD to effectively self-monitor. Beyond Behavior, 28(2), 108-120. http://doi.org/10.1177/1074295619852086
17.
LevendoskiL. S.CartledgeG. (2000). Self-monitoring for elementary school children with serious emotional disturbances: Classroom applications for increased academic responding. Behavioral Disorders, 25(3), 211-224.
18.
LloydJ. W.BatemanD. F.LandrumT. J.HallahanD. P. (1989). Self-recording of attention versus productivity. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 22(3), 315-323.
19.
LosinskiM. L.EnnisR. P.SandersS. A.NelsonJ. A. (2019). A meta-analysis examining the evidence-base of mathematical interventions for students with emotional disturbances. The Journal of Special Education, 52, 228-241. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022466918796200
20.
MaceF. C.BelfioreP. J.HutchinsonJ. M. (2001). Operant theory and research on self-regulation. In ZimmermanB.J.SchunkD.H. (Eds.), Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theoretical perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 29-65). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
21.
MelloyK. J.MurryF. R. (2019). A conceptual framework: Creating socially just schools for students with emotional and behavioral disabilities. World Journal of Education, 9(5), 113-124.
22.
MooneyP.RyanJ. B.UhingB. M.ReidR.EpsteinM. H. (2005). A review of self-management interventions targeting academic outcomes for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of Behavioral Education, 14(3), 203-221.
23.
MoranoS.AigottiS. (2022). How to build declarative and procedural fluency simultaneously using complementary independent practice strategies. Beyond Behavior, 31(1), 53-64.
24.
NelsonJ. R.BennerG. J.LaneK.SmithB. W. (2004). Academic achievement of K-12 students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Exceptional Children, 71(1), 59-73.
25.
ParkerR. I.VannestK. J.BrownL. (2009). The improvement rate difference for single case research. Exceptional Children, 75, 135-150.
26.
PeltierC.VanDerHeydenA. M.HottB. L. (2022). Strategies to help students solve addition and subtraction word problems. Beyond Behavior, 31(1), 29-41.
27.
PeltierC.VannestK. J. (2018). The effects of schema-based instruction on the mathematical problem solving of students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 43(2), 277-289.
28.
PophamM.CountsJ.RyanJ. B.KatsiyannisA. (2018). A systematic review of self-regulation strategies to improve academic outcomes of students with EBD. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 18(4), 239-253.
29.
PowellS. R.BenzS. A.MasonE. N.LembkeE. S. (2022). How to structure and intensify mathematics intervention. Beyond Behavior, 31(1), 5-15.
30.
PraterM. A.HoganS.MillerS. R. (1992). Using self-monitoring to improve on-task behavior and academic skills of an adolescent with mild handicaps across special and regular education settings. Education and Treatment of Children, 15, 43-55.
31.
RaffertyL. A.RaimondiS. L. (2009). Self-monitoring of attention versus self-monitoring of performance: Examining the differential effects among students with emotional disturbance engaged in independent math practice. Journal of Behavioral Education, 18, 279-299.
32.
RiccominiP.WitzelB.DeshpandeD. S. (2022). Combining visual representations and a powerful retention strategy with peer mediation to improve mathematical outcomes. Beyond Behavior, 31(1), 42-52.
33.
ScruggsT. E.MastropieriM. A. (1998). Summarizing single-subject research: Issues and applications. Behavior Modification, 22, 221-242.
34.
SkinnerC. H.TurcoT. L.BeattyK. L.RasavageC. (1989). Cover, copy, and compare: A method for increasing multiplication performance. School Psychology Review, 18, 412-420.
35.
TamkinA. S. (1960). A survey of educational disability in emotionally disturbed children. The Journal of Educational Research, 54(2), 67-69.
36.
TroutA.NordnessP.PierceC.EpsteinM. (2003). Research on the academic status of children with emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11(4), 198-210.
37.
Van de WalleJ. A.KarpK. S.Bay-WilliamsJ. M. (2019). Elementary and middle school mathematics: Teaching developmentally. Pearson.
38.
WilsonG. L. (2013). The math frame: Reteaching mathematical common core heights for students who struggle. TEACHING Exceptional Children, 46(1), 36-46.