Innovative memory paradigms have been introduced to capture subtle memory changes in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We aimed to examine the associations between different indexes of the challenging Memory Binding Test (MBT) and hippocampal volume (HV) in a sample of individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD; n = 50), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) due to AD (n = 31), and cognitively normal (CN) older adults (n = 29) recruited from the Czech Brain Aging Study, in contrast to traditional verbal memory tests. Both MBT free and cued recall scores in immediate and delayed recall conditions were associated with lower HV in both SCD and aMCI due to AD, whereas in traditional verbal memory tests only delayed recall scores were associated with lower HV. In SCD, the associations with lower HV in the immediate recall covered specific cued recall indexes only. In conclusion, the MBT is a promising test for detecting subtle hippocampal-associated memory decline during the predementia continuum.
AlbertM. S.DeKoskyS. T.DicksonD.DuboisB.FeldmanH. H.FoxN. C.GamstA.HoltzmanD. M.JagustW. J.PetersenR. C.SnyderP. J.CarrilloM. C.ThiesB.PhelpsC. H. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s Association workgroup. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 7, 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008
2.
ApostolovaL. G.MorraJ. H.GreenA. E.HwangK. S.AvedissianC.WooE.CummingsJ. L.TogaA. W.JackC. R.WeinerM. W.ThompsonP. M. (2010). Automated 3D mapping of baseline and 12-month associations between three verbal memory measures and hippocampal atrophy in 490 ADNI subjects. NeuroImage, 51(1), 488–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.125
3.
AtienzaM.Atalaia-SilvaK. C.Gonzalez-EscamillaG.Gil-NecigaE.Suarez-GonzalezA.CanteroJ. L. (2011). Associative memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment: The role of hippocampal formation. NeuroImage, 57(4), 1331–1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.047
4.
BeckA. T.EpsteinN.BrownG.SteerR. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3204199
5.
BellevilleS.FouquetC.HudonC.ZomahounH. T. V.CroteauJ. (2017). Neuropsychological measures that predict progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s type dementia in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 27(4), 328–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-017-9361-5
6.
BenedictR. (1997). Brief Visuospatial Memory Test—Revised. PAR, Inc.
7.
BezdicekO.BallariniT.BuschkeH.RůžickaF.RothJ.AlbrechtF.RůžickaE.MuellerK.SchroeterM. L.JechR. (2019). Memory impairment in Parkinson’s disease: The retrieval versus associative deficit hypothesis revisited and reconciled. Neuropsychology, 33(3), 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000503
8.
BezdicekO.LibonD. J.StepankovaH.PanenkovaE.LukavskyJ.GarrettK. D.LamarM.PriceC. C.KopecekM. (2014). Development, validity, and normative data study for the 12-word Philadelphia Verbal Learning Test [czP(r)VLT-12] among older and very old Czech adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(7), 1162–1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2014.952666
9.
BezdicekO.MotakL.AxelrodB. N.PreissM.NikolaiT.VyhnálekM.PorehA.RuzickaE. (2012). Czech version of the Trail Making Test: Normative data and clinical utility. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 27(8), 906–914. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs084
10.
BezdicekO.StepankovaH.MotakL.AxelrodB. N.WoodardJ. L.PreissM.NikolaiT.RuzickaE.PorehA. (2014). Czech version of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Normative data. Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 21(6), 693–721. https://doi.org/Doi10.1080/13825585.2013.865699
11.
BilgelM.AnY.LangA.PrinceJ.FerrucciL.JedynakB.ResnickS. M. (2014). Trajectories of Alzheimer disease-related cognitive measures in a longitudinal sample. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 10(6), 735–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.520
12.
Bonner-JacksonA.MahmoudS.MillerJ.BanksS. J. (2015). Verbal and non-verbal memory and hippocampal volumes in a memory clinic population. Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy, 7(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-015-0147-9
BucknerR. L.HeadD.ParkerH.FotenosA. F.MarcusD.MorrisJ. C.SnyderA. Z. (2004). A unified approach for morphometric and functional data analysis in young, old, and demented adults using automated atlas-based head size normalization: Reliability and validation against manual measurement of total intracranial volume. NeuroImage, 23(2), 724–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.018
15.
BuschkeH. (1984). Cued recall in amnesia. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6(4), 433–440.
16.
BuschkeH. (2014). Rationale of the Memory Binding Test. In NilssonL.OhtaN. (Eds.), Dementia and memory (pp. 55–71). Psychology Press.
17.
BuschkeH.MowreyW. B.RamratanW. S.ZimmermanM. E.LoewensteinD. A.KatzM. J.LiptonR. B. (2016). Memory Binding Test distinguishes amnestic mild cognitive impairment and dementia from cognitively normal elderly. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw083
18.
BuschkeH.MowreyW. B.RamratanW. S.ZimmermanM. E.LoewensteinD. A.KatzM. J.LiptonR. B. (2017). Erratum: Memory Binding Test distinguishes amnestic mild cognitive impairment and dementia from cognitively normal elderly. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 32(8), 1037–1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx046
19.
CarlesimoG. A.PerriR.CaltagironeC. (2011). Category cued recall following controlled encoding as a neuropsychological tool in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: A review of the evidence. Neuropsychology Review, 21(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9153-7
20.
CohnM.MoscovitchM. (2007). Dissociating measures of associative memory: Evidence and theoretical implications. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(3), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JML.2007.06.006
21.
CroccoE. A.LoewensteinD. A.CurielR. E.AlperinN.CzajaS. J.HarveyP. D.SunX.LenchusJ.RaffoA.PeñateA.MeloJ.SangL.ValdiviaR.CardenasK. (2018). A novel cognitive assessment paradigm to detect Pre-mild cognitive impairment (PreMCI) and the relationship to biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 96, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.015
22.
DavisK. L.PriceC. C.KaplanE.LibonD. J. (2002). Error analysis of the nine-word California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-9) among older adults with and without dementia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1076/CLIN.16.1.81.8330
23.
DelisD. C.KramerJ. H.KaplanE.OberB. A. (1987). CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test—Adult version: Manual. Psychological Corporation.
24.
DesikanR. S.SégonneF.FischlB.QuinnB. T.DickersonB. C.BlackerD.BucknerR. L.DaleA. M.MaguireR. P.HymanB. T.AlbertM. S.KillianyR. J. (2006). An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage, 31(3), 968–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021
25.
DrozdováK.ŠtěpánkováH.LukavskýJ.BezdíčekO.KopečekM. (2015). Normative Data for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test in Older Czech Adults. Česká a Slovenská Neurologie a Neurochirurgie, 78/111(5), 542–549.
26.
DuA. T.SchuffN.AmendD.LaaksoM. P.HsuY. Y.JagustW. J.YaffeK.KramerJ. H.ReedB.NormanD.ChuiH. C.WeinerM. W. (2001). Magnetic resonance imaging of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 71(4), 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.71.4.441
27.
DuboisB.FeldmanH. H.JacovaC.DeKoskyS. T.Barberger-GateauP.CummingsJ.DelacourteA.GalaskoD.GauthierS.JichaG.MeguroK.O’BrienJ.PasquierF.RobertP.RossorM.SallowayS.SternY.VisserP. J.ScheltensP. (2007). Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurology, 6(8), 734–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70178-3
28.
DuffM. C.CovingtonN. V.HilvermanC.CohenN. J. (2020). Semantic memory and the Hippocampus: Revisiting, reaffirming, and extending the reach of their critical relationship. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, Article 471. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNHUM.2019.00471
29.
EzzatiA.KatzM. J.ZammitA. R.LiptonM. L.ZimmermanM. E.SliwinskiM. J.LiptonR. B. (2016). Differential association of left and right hippocampal volumes with verbal episodic and spatial memory in older adults. Neuropsychologia, 93(Pt. B), 380–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.016
30.
FerreiraD.CavallinL.LarssonE. M.MuehlboeckJ. S.MecocciP.VellasB.TsolakiM.KłoszewskaI.SoininenH.LovestoneS.SimmonsA.WahlundL. O.WestmanE. (2015). Practical cut-offs for visual rating scales of medial temporal, frontal and posterior atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 278(3), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12358
31.
FerreiraD.VerhagenC.Hernández-CabreraJ. A.CavallinL.GuoC. J.EkmanU.MuehlboeckJ. S.SimmonsA.BarrosoJ.WahlundL. O.WestmanE. (2017). Distinct subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease based on patterns of brain atrophy: Longitudinal trajectories and clinical applications. Scientific Reports, 7, Article 46263. https://doi.org/10.1038/SREP46263
32.
FischlB.SalatD. H.BusaE.AlbertM.DieterichM.HaselgroveC.Van Der KouweA.KillianyR.KennedyD.KlavenessS.MontilloA.MakrisN.RosenB.DaleA. M. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron, 33(3), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00569-X
33.
FischlB.Van Der KouweA.DestrieuxC.HalgrenE.SégonneF.SalatD. H.BusaE.SeidmanL. J.GoldsteinJ.KennedyD.CavinessV.MakrisN.RosenB.DaleA. M. (2004). Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 14(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhg087
34.
GagliardiG.EpelbaumS.HouotM.BakardjianH.BoukadidaL.RevillonM.DuboisB.Dalla BarbaG.La CorteV. (2019). Which episodic memory performance is associated with Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in elderly cognitive complainers? Evidence from a longitudinal observational study with four episodic memory tests (insight-PreAD). Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 70(3), 811–824. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180966
35.
GreenawayM. C.LacritzL. H.BinegarD.WeinerM. F.LiptonA.Munro CullumC. (2006). Patterns of verbal memory performance in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and normal aging. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 19(2), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnn.0000208290.57370.a3
GroberE.BuschkeH.CrystalH.BangS.DresnerR. (1988). Screening for dementia by memory testing. Neurology, 38(6), 900–903.
38.
GroberE.KawasC. (1997). Learning and retention in preclinical and early Alzheimer’s disease. Psychology and Aging, 12(1), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.12.1.183
39.
GroberE.VeroffA. E.LiptonR. B. (2018). Temporal unfolding of declining episodic memory on the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test in the predementia phase of Alzheimer’s disease: Implications for clinical trials. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 10, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2017.12.004
40.
HaistF.GoreJ. B.MaoH. (2001). Consolidation of human memory over decades revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Neuroscience, 4(11), 1139–1145. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn739
JackC. R.BennettD. A.BlennowK.CarrilloM. C.DunnB.HaeberleinS. B.HoltzmanD. M.JagustW.JessenF.KarlawishJ.LiuE.MolinuevoJ. L.MontineT.PhelpsC.RankinK. P.RoweC. C.ScheltensP.SiemersE.SnyderH. M.. . . SilverbergN. (2018). NIA-AA research framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 14(4), 535–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018
43.
JessenF.AmariglioR. E.BuckleyR. F.van der FlierW. M.HanY.MolinuevoJ. L.RabinL.RentzD. M.Rodriguez-GomezO.SaykinA. J.SikkesS. A. M.SmartC. M.WolfsgruberS.WagnerM. (2020). The characterisation of subjective cognitive decline. The Lancet Neurology, 19(3), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30368-0
44.
JessenF.AmariglioR. E.van BoxtelM.BretelerM.CeccaldiM.ChételatG.DuboisB.DufouilC.EllisK. A.van der FlierW. M.GlodzikL.van HartenA. C.de LeonM. J.McHughP.MielkeM. M.MolinuevoJ. L.MosconiL.OsorioR. S.PerrotinA.. . . WagnerM. (2014). A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 10(6), 844–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001
45.
KramerJ. H.SchuffN.ReedB. R.MungasD.DuA. T.RosenH. J.JagustW. J.MillerB. L.WeinerM. W.ChuiH. C. (2004). Hippocampal volume and retention in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(4), 639–643. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617704104050
46.
LibonD. J.BondiM. W.PriceC. C.LamarM.EppigJ.WambachD. M.NievesC.Delano-WoodL.GiovannettiT.LippaC.KabasakalianA.CosentinoS.SwensonR.PenneyD. L. (2011). Verbal serial list learning in mild cognitive impairment: A profile analysis of interference, forgetting, and errors. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 17(5), 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000944
47.
LibonD. J.XieS. X.EppigJ.WicasG.LamarM.LippaC.BettcherB. M.PriceC. C.GiovannettiT.SwensonR.WambachD. M. (2010). The heterogeneity of mild cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 16(1), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709990993
48.
LoewensteinD. A.AcevedoA.LuisC.CrumT.BarkerW. W.DuaraR. (2004). Semantic interference deficits and the detection of mild Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment without dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(1), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617704101112
49.
LoewensteinD. A.CurielR. E.DuaraR.BuschkeH. (2017). Novel cognitive paradigms for the detection of memory impairment in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Assessment, 25, 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117691608
50.
LoewensteinD. A.CurielR. E.GreigM. T.BauerR. M.RosadoM.BowersD.WicklundM.CroccoE.PontecorvoM.JoshiA. D.RodriguezR.BarkerW. W.HidalgoJ.DuaraR. (2016). A novel cognitive stress test for the detection of preclinical Alzheimer disease: Discriminative properties and relation to amyloid load. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(10), 804–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.02.056
51.
MayesA.MontaldiD.MigoE. (2007). Associative memory and the medial temporal lobes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(3), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.12.003
52.
MazancovaA. F.NikolaiT.StepankovaH.KopecekM.BezdicekO. (2017). The reliability of clock drawing test scoring systems modeled on the normative data in healthy aging and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. Assessment, 24(7), 945–957. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116632586
53.
McClellandJ. L.McNaughtonB. L.O’ReillyR. C. (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102(3), 419–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.3.419
54.
MohantyP.Naveh-BenjaminM. (2018). Mitigating the adverse effects of response deadline on recognition memory: Differential effects of semantic memory support on item and associative memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 102, 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JML.2018.05.010
MowreyW. B.LiptonR. B.KatzM. J.RamratanW. S.LoewensteinD. A.ZimmermanM. E.BuschkeH. (2018). Memory Binding Test predicts incident dementia: Results from the Einstein aging study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 62(1), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170714
57.
MurrayM. E.Graff-RadfordN. R.RossO. A.PetersenR. C.DuaraR.DicksonD. W. (2011). Neuropathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease with distinct clinical characteristics: A retrospective study. The Lancet. Neurology, 10(9), 785–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70156-9
58.
Naveh-BenjaminM. (2000). Adult age differences in memory performance: Tests of an associative deficit hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1170–1187. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.26.5.1170
59.
NikolaiT.ŠtěpánkováH.KopecekM.SulcZ.VyhnálekM.BezdicekO. (2018). The Uniform Data Set, Czech version: Normative data in older adults from an international perspective. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 61(3), 1233–1240. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170595
60.
NikolaiT.ŠtěpánkováH.MichalecJ.BezdíčekO.HorákováK.MarkováH.RůžičkaE.KopečekM. (2015). Verbal Fluency Tests—Czech normative study for older persons. Česká a Slovenská Neurologie a Neurochirurgie, 78/111(3), 292–299. https://doi.org/doi.10.14735/amcsnn2015292
61.
PappK. V.AmariglioR. E.MorminoE. C.HeddenT.DekhytarM.JohnsonK. A.SperlingR. A.RentzD. M. (2015). Free and cued memory in relation to biomarker-defined abnormalities in clinically normal older adults and those at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 73, 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.034
PrinceS. E.TsukiuraT.CabezaR. (2007). Distinguishing the neural correlates of episodic memory encoding and semantic memory retrieval. Psychological Science, 18(2), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-9280.2007.01864.X
64.
RentzD. M.Parra RodriguezM. A.AmariglioR.SternY.SperlingR.FerrisS. (2013). Promising developments in neuropsychological approaches for the detection of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: A selective review. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 5(6), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt222
65.
ReyA. (1964). Clinical tests in psychology. Presses Universitaires de France.
66.
RouleauI.ImbaultH.LaframboiseM.BédardM. A. (2001). Pattern of intrusions in verbal recall: Comparison of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and frontal lobe dementia. Brain and Cognition, 46(1–2), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(01)80076-2
67.
SheardovaK.VyhnálekM.NedelskaZ.LaczoJ.AndelR.MarciniakR.CermanJ.LerchO.HortJ. (2019). Czech Brain Aging Study (CBAS): Prospective multicentre cohort study on risk and protective factors for dementia in the Czech Republic. BMJ Open, 9(12), Article e030379. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030379
68.
SolomonP. R.HirschoffA.KellyB.RelinM.BrushM.DeVeauxR. D.PendleburyW. W. (1998). A 7 minute neurocognitive screening battery highly sensitive to Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 55(3), 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHNEUR.55.3.349
69.
SquireL. R.AlvarezP. (1995). Retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation: A neurobiological perspective. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(95)80023-9
70.
StepankovaH.NikolaiT.LukavskyJ.BezdicekO.VrajovaM.KopecekM. (2015). Mini-mental state examination—Czech normative study. Ceska a Slovenska Neurologie a Neurochirurgie, 78(1), 57–63.
TulvingE. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In TulvingE.DonaldsonW. (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381–403). Academic Press.
73.
VyhnálekM.MarkováH.LaczóJ.De BeniR.Di NuovoS. (2019). Assessment of memory impairment in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Current Alzheimer Research, 16(11), 975–985.
74.
VyhnálekM.NikolaiT.AndelR.NedelskaZ.RubínováE.MarkováH.LaczóJ.BezdicekO.SheardovaK.HortJ. (2014). Neuropsychological correlates of hippocampal atrophy in memory testing in nondemented older adults. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 42(Suppl. 3), S81–90. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-132642
75.
WechslerD. (2009). Wechsler Memory Scale IV (WMS-IV). Psychological Corporation.
76.
WeissbergerG. H.StrongJ. V.StefanidisK. B.SummersM. J.BondiM. W.StrickerN. H. (2017). Diagnostic accuracy of memory measures in Alzheimer’s dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 27(4), 354–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11065-017-9360-6
77.
YesavageJ.SheikhJ. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v05n01_09
78.
ZemanovaN.BezdíčekO.MichalecJ.NikolaiT.RothJ.JechR.RůžičkaE. (2016). Validity study of the Boston Naming Test Czech version. Česká a Slovenská Neurologie a Neurochirurgie, 79/112(3), 307–316. https://doi.org/doi.10.14735/amcsnn2016307
79.
ZhouM.ZhangF.ZhaoL.QianJ.DongC. (2016). Entorhinal cortex: A good biomarker of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 27(2), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVNEURO-2015-0019
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
