Schinka, Kinder, and Kremer developed “validity” scales for the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R; Costa & McCrae) to detect underreporting—the Positive Presentation Management (PPM) Scale and overreporting—the Negative Presentation Management (NPM) Scale. In this investigation, the clinical utility of these scales was examined using the established validity scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI-2; Butcher et al.) as the referent. The sample was composed of 370 psychiatric patients who completed the NEO PI-R and the MMPI-2 as part of a routine evaluation. Results indicated that response distortion compromised the utility of the NEO PI-R domain scales. Moreover, the PPM and NPM scales and an NPM–PPM index significantly differentiated invalid under-and overreporting groups from a valid responding group. The PPM and NPM–PPM index were adequate in classifying under- and overreporters, respectively.
Arbisi, P.A., & Ben-Porath, Y.S. (1995). An MMPI-2 infrequent response scale for use with psychopathological populations: The Infrequency Psychopathology Scale, F(p). Psychological Assessment, 7, 424-431.
3.
Baer, R.A., & Miller, J. (2002). Underreporting of psychopathology on the MMPI-2: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Assessment, 14, 16-26.
4.
Bagby, R.M., Bindseil, K.D., Rector, N.A., Schuller, D.R., Joffe, R.J., Young, L.T., et al. (1997). The relationship between the five-factor model of personality and unipolar depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia . Psychiatry Research, 70, 83-94.
5.
Bagby, R.M., Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R., Livesley, W.J., Kennedy, S.H., Levitan, R.D., et al. (1999). Replicating the five-factor model of personality in a psychiatric sample. Personality and Individual Differences , 27, 1135-1139.
6.
Bagby, R.M., Costa, P.T., Widiger, T.A., Ryder, A.G., & Marshall, M. (2005). DSM-IV personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality: A multi-method examination of domain and facet-level predictions. European Journal of Personality, 19, 307-324.
7.
Bagby, R.M., & Marshall, B. (2003). Positive impression management and its influence on the revised neo personality inventory: A comparison of analog and differential prevalence group designs. Psychological Assessment, 15, 333-339.
8.
Bagby, R.M., Marshall, M.B., & Bacchiochi, J.R. (2006). The validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-2 malingering depression scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 304-311.
9.
Bagby, R.M., Marshall, M.B., Bury, A., Bacchiochi, J.B., & Miller, L. (2006). Assessing underreporting and overreporting with the MMPI-2 validity scales. In J. B. Butcher (Ed.), MMPI-2: A practitioner's guide (pp. 39-69). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10.
Bagby, R.M., & Quilty, L.C. (2006). Personality traits can predict best treatment for depression. Directions in Psychiatry, 26, 199-208.
11.
Bagby, R.M., Quilty, L.C., & Ryder, A. (in press). Personality and depression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.
12.
Bagby, R.M., Quilty, L.C., Segal, Z.V., McBride, C.C., Kennedy, S.H., & Costa, P.T. (2006). Personality and the prediction of response in major depressive disorder: A randomized control trial comparing cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy. Manuscript submitted for publication.
13.
Bagby, R.M., Rogers, R., & Buis, T. (1994). Detecting malingered and defensive responding on the MMPI-2 in a forensic inpatient sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 191-203.
14.
Bagby, R.M., Schuller, D.R., Levitt, A.J., Joffe, R.T., & Harkness, K.L. (1996). Seasonal and non-seasonal depression and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Affective Disorders, 38, 89-95.
15.
Ballenger, J.F., Caldwell-Andrews, A., & Baer, R.A. (2001). Effects of positive impression management on the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised in a clinical population. Psychological Assessment, 13, 254-260.
16.
Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K., & Gupta, R. (2003). Meta-analysis of the relationship between the five-factor model of personality and Holland's occupational types. Personnel Psychology, 56, 45-74.
17.
Ben-Porath, Y.S., & Forbey, J.D. (2004, May). Detrimental effects of the K correction on clinical scale validity. Paper presented at the 39th Annual Symposium on Recent Developments of the MMPI-2/MMPI-A. Minneapolis, MN.
18.
Ben-Porath, Y.S., & Waller, G. (1992a). Five big issues in clinical personality assessment: A rejoinder to Costa and McCrae. Psychological Assessment , 4, 23-25.
19.
Ben-Porath, Y.S., & Waller, G. (1992b). "Normal" personality inventories in clinical assessment: General requirements and the potential for using the NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4, 14-19.
20.
Berry, D.T.R., Bagby, R.M., Smerz, J., Rinaldo, J.C., Caldwell-Andrews, A., & Baer, R.A. (2001). Effectiveness of NEO-PI-R research validity scales for discriminating analog malingering and genuine psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 496-516.
21.
Butcher, J.N., Graham, J.R., Ben-Porath, Y.S., Tellegen, A., Dahlstrom, W.G., & Kaemmer, B. (2001). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2: Manual for administration and scoring (Rev. ed.). Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.
22.
Butcher, J.N., & Rouse, V. (1996). Personality: Individual differences and clinical assessment. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 87-111.
23.
Caldwell-Andrews, A., Baer, R.A., & Berry, D.T.R. (2000). Effects of response sets on NEO-PI-R scores and their relations to external criteria. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74, 472-488.
24.
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992a). NEO PI-R and NEO-FFI: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
25.
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992b). "`Normal' personality inventories in clinical assessment: General requirements and the potential for using the NEO Personality Inventory": Reply. Psychological Assessment, 4, 20-22.
26.
Dean, M.A., Conte, J.M., & Blankenhorn, T.R. (2006). Examination of the predictive validity of Big Five personality dimensions across training performance criteria . Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1229-1239.
27.
Digman, J.M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review Psychology, 41, 417-440.
28.
Finch, J.F., & West, S.G. (1997).The investigation of personality structure: Statistical models. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 439-485.
29.
Furnham, A.F. (1997). Knowing and faking one's five-factor personality score. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69, 229-243.
30.
Graham, J.R. (2006). The MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
31.
Lynam, D.R., & Widiger, T.A. (2001). Using the five-factor model to represent DSM-IV personality disorder: An expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 401-412.
32.
Malouff, J.M., Thorsteinsson, E.B., & Schutte, N.S. (2005). The relationship between the five-factor model of personality and symptoms of clinical disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27, 101-114.
33.
Mount, M.K., Barrick, M.R., Scullen, S.M., & Rounds, J. (2005). Higher-order dimensions of the Big Five personality traits and the big six vocational interest types. Personnel Psychology, 58, 447-478.
34.
Ogrodniczuk, J.S., Piper, W.E., Joyce, A.S., McCallum, M., & Rosie, J.S. (2003). NEO-five factor personality traits as predictors of response to two forms of group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 53, 417-442.
35.
Paulhus, D.L., Bruce, M.N., & Trapnell, P.D. (1995). Effects of self-presentation strategies on personality profiles and their structure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 100-108.
36.
Piedmont, R.L., McCrae, R.R., Riemann, R., & Angleitner, A. (2000). On the invalidity of validity scales: Evidence from self-reports and observer ratings in volunteer samples . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 582-593.
37.
Reid-Seiser, H.L., & Fritzsche, A. (2001). The usefulness of the NEO PI-R Positive Presentation Management Scale for detecting response distortion in employment contexts . Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 639-650.
38.
Rogers, R. (1997). Researching dissimulation. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (2nd ed., pp. 398-426). New York: Guilford.
39.
Rogers, R., Sewell, K.W., Martin, M.A., & Vitacco, M.J. (2003). Detection of feigned mental disorders: A meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering. Assessment, 10, 160-177.
40.
Rosse, J.G., Stecher, M.D., Miller, J.L., & Levin, R.A. (1998). The impact of response distortion on preemployment personality testing and hiring decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 634-644.
41.
Saulsman, L.M., & Page, A.C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055-1085.
42.
Scandell, D.J., & Wlazelek, B. (1999). The relationship between self-perceived personality and impression management on the NEO-FFI. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 147-154.
43.
Schinka, J.A., Kinder, B.N., & Kremer, T. (1997). Research validity scales for the NEO-PI-R: Development and initial validation. Journal of Personality Assessment , 68, 127-138.
44.
Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y.S., & Bagby, R.M. (in press). Personality and Psychopathology: Mapping the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales onto the Five Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality Disorders.
45.
Sellbom, M., & Bagby, R.M. (in press). Response styles on multi-scale inventories. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.
46.
Sellbom, M., & Ben-Porath, Y.S. (2006). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2. In R. P. Archer (Ed.), Forensic Uses of Clinical Assessment Instruments (pp. 19-55). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
47.
Sellbom, M., Fischler, G.L., & Ben-Porath, Y.S. (2007). Identifying MMPI-2 predictors of police officer integrity and misconduct. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 985-1004.
48.
Sullivan, B.A., & Hansen, J.C. (2004). Mapping associations between interests and personality: Toward a conceptual understanding of individual differences in vocational behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 287-298.
49.
Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y.S., McNulty, J.L., Arbisi, P.A., Graham, J.R., & Kaemmer, B. (2003). MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Development, validation, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
50.
Topping, G.D., & O'Gorman, J.G. (1997). Effects of faking set on validity of the NEO-FFI. Personality and Individual Differences , 23, 117-124.
51.
Widiger, T.A., & Trull, T.J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist , 62, 71-83.
52.
Wygant, D.B., Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y.S., Stafford, K.P., Freeman, D.B., & Heilbronner, R.L. (2007). Is the relation between symptom validity testing and MMPI-2 scores an artifact of evaluation context . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 489-499.
53.
Yang, J., Bagby, R.M., & Ryder, A.G. (2000). Response style and the revised NEO Personality Inventory: Validity scales and spousal ratings in a Chinese psychiatric sample . Assessment, 7, 389-402.
