Four samples were used to evaluate the incremental validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) General Criminal Thinking (GCT) score and Proactive (P) and Reactive (R) composite scales vis-á-vis response style in predicting disciplinary adjustment and recidivism. Purified Confusion (Cfp) and Defensiveness (Dfp) validity scales were constructed by eliminating items from the PICTS Confusion and Defensiveness scales that overlapped with GCT, P, and R. The four-item Cfp and Dfp scales were employed as measures of response style and entered into binomial probit regression analyses alongside GCT, P, and R. The GCT score consistently predicted disciplinary adjustment and recidivism in male and female offenders when included in regression equations with Cfp and Dfp. The P scale only displayed incremental validity relative to Cfp and Dfp in large groups of participants, whereas the R scale was incapable of predicting recidivism in female offenders when paired with Cfp and Dfp.
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. L. (1995). The Level of Services Inventory-Revised. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
2.
Blanchard, D. D., McGrath, R. E., Pogge, D. L., & Khadivi, A. (2003). A comparison of the PAI and MMPI-2 as predictors of faking bad in college students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 197-205.
3.
Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). MMPI-2: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality-2: Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
4.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
5.
Edens, J. F., Hart, S. D., Johnson, D. W., Johnson, J. K., & Olver, M. E. (2000). Use of the Personality Assessment Inventory to assess psychopathy in offender populations. Psychological Assessment, 12, 132-139.
6.
Egan, V., McMurran, M., Richardson, C., & Blair, M. (2000). Criminal cognitions and personality: What does the PICTS really measure? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 10, 170-184.
7.
Franklin, C. L., Repasky, S. A., Thompson, K. E., Shelton, S. A., & Uddo, M. (2002). Differentiating overreporting and extreme distress: MMPI-2 use with compensation-seeking veterans with PTSD. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 274-285.
8.
Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
9.
Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (1995). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
10.
Loza, W., Dhaliwal, G. K., Kroner, D. G., & Loza-Fanous, A. (2000). Reliability and concurrent validity of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ): A tool for assessing violent and non-violent recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 356-374.
11.
Mills, J. F., Loza, W., & Kroner, D. G. (2003). Predictive validity despite social desirability: Evidence for the robustness of self-report among offenders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 13, 140-150.
12.
Palmer, E., & Hollin, C. (2003). Using the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles with English prisoners. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 8, 175-187.
13.
Palmer, E., & Hollin, C. (2004). Predicting reconviction using the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles with English prisoners. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9, 57-68.
14.
Piedmont, R. L., McCrae, R. R., Riemann, R., & Angleitner, A. (2000). On the invalidity of validity scales: Evidence from self-reports and observer ratings in volunteer samples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 582-593.
15.
Schinka, J. A., & Borum, R. (1994). Readability of normal personality inventories. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 95-101.
16.
Shweder, R. A. (1977). Illusory correlation and the MMPI controversy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 917-924.
17.
Tellegen, A. (1978/1982). Brief manual of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota.
18.
Walters, G. D. (1995). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: Part 1. Preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22, 307-325.
19.
Walters, G. D. (1996). The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: Part 3. Predictive validity. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 40, 105-112.
20.
Walters, G. D. (2001). Revised validity scales for the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS). Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 32, 1-13.
21.
Walters, G. D. (2005a). How many factors are there on the PICTS? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 15, 273-283.
22.
Walters, G. D. (2005b). Predicting institutional adjustment with the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 4, 63-70.
23.
Walters, G. D. (2006a). The PICTS composite scales and recidivism: Predicting release outcome in former program participants. Unpublished manuscript.
24.
Walters, G. D. (2006b). Risk-appraisal versus self-report in the prediction of criminal justice outcomes: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 279-304.
25.
Walters, G. D. (in press-a). Predicting institutional adjustment with the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles composite scales: Replication and extension. Legal and Criminological Psychology.
26.
Walters, G. D. (in press-b). Proactive and reactive composite scales for the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation.
27.
Walters, G. D., & Elliott, W. N. (1999). Predicting release and disciplinary outcome with the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: Female data. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 4, 15-21.
28.
Walters, G. D., & Mandell, W. (in press). Incremental validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version in predicting disciplinary outcome. Law and Human Behavior.
29.
Walters, G. D., White, T. W., & Denney, D. (1991). The Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form: Preliminary data. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 18, 406-418.
