Definitions and indicators play an important role in determining success. In the context of the Millennium Development Goals, the global target of reducing the proportion of population without access to improved sources of water is expected to be met. A major contributor to success is India, where the proportion of population with access to water has increased from 68% in 1990 to 86% in 2002. However, micro-level evidence does not necessarily tally with the national picture of “tremendous progress.” This article attempts to probe deeper into access to water supply in India and draw important policy implications based on a brief institutional mapping of water supply, a critical analysis of national water policies, and a detailed case study of Chennai. This analysis highlights that issues of inequality, quality, and affordability are important in terms of access for the poor. An alternative entitlements-based indicator is proposed and some important challenges considered.
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