This study used multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure to examine the measurement and structural invariance across Malaysian Malay (n = 724), Chinese (n = 372), and Indian (n = 259) parent ratings of their children on the short version of the Parent–Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire (Parent-PARQ/S). The Parent-PARQ/S measures parents’ perceptions of their rejection of their children and has scales for coldness/lack of affection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, and undifferentiated rejection. Results provided strong support for the measurement and structural invariance of the Parent-PARQ/S. In addition, the three ethnic groups did not differ for all four latent mean scores.
AngP. R. (2006). Effects of parenting style on personal and social variables for Asian adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 503-511.
2.
BaoK. B.XuQ. M. (2006). A comparison of attachment in adolescents in mainland China and Malaysia. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 172-174.
3.
BrownT. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
4.
CalmorinL. P.CalmorinM. A. (Ed.). (2007). Research methods and thesis writing (2nd ed.). Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store.
5.
ChiY. H.BaharudinR.HossainZ. (2012). Fathers’ parenting styles in Chinese families in urban Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 20, 1019-1034.
6.
ComunianA. L.GielenU. P. (2001). An Italian study of parental acceptance-rejection. In RothR.NeilS. (Eds.), A matter of life: Psychological theory, research, and practice (pp. 166-175). Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers.
7.
DahlanH. M. (1991). Local values in intercultural management. Malaysian Management Review, 1, 45-50.
8.
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2010). Vital statistics: Malaysia 2010. Putrajaya: Author.
9.
GomezR.RohnerR. P. (2011). Tests of factor structure and invariance in the US and Australia using the adult version of the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire. Cross-Cultural Research, 45, 267-285.
10.
GomezR.SuhaimiA. F. (2014). Malaysian parent ratings of the short version of the Parent Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire: Factor structure and invariance across sex, and mother and father. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14, 195-214.
11.
HofstedeG. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
12.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
13.
IdrisA. (2011). Ethnicity and cultural values: Am empirical study of Malay and Chinese entrepreneurs in Peninsular Malaysia. Sarjana, 26, 22-40.
14.
KeshavarzS.BaharudinR. (2009). Parenting style in a collectivist culture of Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 10, 66-73.
15.
KhalequeA.RohnerR. P. (2002a). Perceived parental acceptance–rejection and psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis of cross-cultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 54-64.
16.
KhalequeA.RohnerR. P. (2002b). Reliability of measures assessing the relation between perceived parental acceptance–rejection and psychological adjustment: Meta-analysis of cross-cultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 87-99.
17.
LrongY. L. (1998). Cultural attributes of Malays and Malaysian Chinese: Implications for research and practice. Malaysian Management Review, 33, 81-88.
MuthenL. K.MuthenB. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
20.
QuahS. R. (2004). Ethnicity and parenting styles among Singapore families. Marriage & Family Review, 35, 63-83.
21.
RohnerR. P. (2005). Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ): Test manual (pp. 43-106). In RohnerR. P.KhalequeA. (Eds.), Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection (4th ed.). Storrs, CT: Rohner Research Publications.
22.
RohnerR. P.CournoyerD. E. (1994). Universals in youth’s perceptions of parental acceptance and rejection: Evidence from factor analyses within eight sociocultural groups worldwide. Cross-Cultural Research, 28, 371-383.
23.
RohnerR. P.KhalequeA. (2010). Testing central postulates of parental acceptance–rejection theory (PARTheory): A meta-analysis of cross-cultural studies. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 3, 73-87.
24.
RohnerR. P.KhalequeA.CournoyerD. E. (2005). Parental acceptance–rejection: Theory, methods, cross-cultural evidence and implications. ETHOS, 33, 299-334. doi:10.1525/eth.2005.33.3.299
25.
TuW. M. (1979). Humanity and self cultivation: Essays in Confucian thought. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press.
26.
TuW. M. (2003). Multiple modernities: A preliminary inquiry into the implications of East Asian modernity. In HarrisonL. E.HuntingtonS. P. (Eds.), Culture matters: How value shape human process (pp. 256-267). New York, NY: Basic Books.
27.
ZawawiD. (2008). Cultural dimensions among Malaysian employees. International Journal of Economics and Management, 2, 409-426.
