Drifts of Parenting Styles and Rage Among Juveniles: A Research Study of Pakistani Families Residing in Pakistan and Abroad

Abstract

The study examined the common parental style and its influence on children’s aggressive behavior and academic achievements among Pakistani Children. One hundred and twenty parents (44 father and 76 mothers) and their preteen and teenaged children (46 boys and 84 girls) aged between 9 and 19 years were randomly selected from Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistani families in UAE, Ireland, and United Kingdom were randomly selected and included in studies. Academic achievements of children were found by demographic information. Parents filled in section A of the questionnaires, which measured parental styles in terms of their beliefs and practices and classified them into permissive, autocratic, and active parents. Children of the same parents filled section B of the same questionnaire to measure children’s antisocial behavior and aggression. Commonly found parenting style is authoritative and parenting practices are free of parents’ gender. Direct relation of autocratic parenting styles on increased level of aggression and diminution of academic achievement of child is found through regression analysis. Independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance revealed similar trends in the development of aggression among girls and boys of different age groups. Similarly, academic achievements and aggression of children are found independent of each other. The impact of parent’s gender, qualification, and professionalism on parenting was also explored in the current study. Parent’s gender and educational achievements have no impact on parenting practices; however, profession of parent has influence on adoption of parenting practices in case of autocratic parenting style and further needs to be explored. Further research to surface other factors contributing to the development of aggression among juveniles is recommended.

Keywords

antisocial behavior aggression parenting style preteen and teenagers gender differences

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Bartlett

M. S.

(1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 3, 77–85.

Braet

Meerschaert

Merlevede

Bosmans

Van Leeuwen

De Mey

(2009). Prevention of antisocial behaviour: Evaluation of an early intervention programme. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 223–240.

Buri

J. R.

(1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110–119.

Buss

A. H.

Perry

(1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452.

Chen

Dong

Zhou

(1997). Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school performance in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 855–873.

Chukumati

C. N.

Akpan

U. S.

(2013). Media and antisocial behaviour among youths. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3, 208–214.

Cronbach

L. J.

(1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.

Darling

(1999). Parenting style and its correlates. ERIC Digest, 1–7. Retrieved from https://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/parenting.htm

Erceg-Hurn

D. M.

Mirosevich

V. M.

(2008). Modern robust statistical methods: An easy way to maximize the accuracy and power of your research. American Psychologist, 63, 591.

10.

Hair

J. F.

Black

W. C.

Babin

B. J.

Anderson

R. E.

Tatham

R. L.

(2006). Multivariate data analysis. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.

11.

Hair

J. F.

Ringle

C. M.

Sarstedt

(2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152.

12.

Hastings

R. P.

Bham

M. S.

(2003). The relationship between student behaviour patterns and teacher burnout. School Psychology International, 24, 115–127.

13.

Hemphill

S. A.

McMorris

B. J.

Toumbourou

J. W.

Herrenkohl

T. I.

Catalano

R. F.

Mathers

(2007). Rates of student-reported antisocial behavior, school suspensions, and arrests in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. Journal of School Health, 77(6), 303–311.

14.

Henseler

Ringle

C. M.

Sarstedt

(2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135.

15.

Hipwell

A. E.

Loeber

Stouthamer-Loeber

Keenan

White

H. R.

Kroneman

(2002). Characteristics of girls with early onset disruptive and antisocial behaviour. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 99–118.

16.

Hossain

S. M.

Huq

Adhikari

Zai

S. Z. E.

Haque

S. M. T.

(2015). Parenting skills affect child behaviors in a selected area of Nepal. South East Asia Journal of Public Health, 5, 44–48.

17.

Justicia

Benítez

J. L.

Pichardo

M. C.

Fernández

Garcia

Fernandez

(2006). Towards a new explicative model of antisocial behaviour. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9, 2.

18.

Kaiser

H. F.

Rice

(1974). Little jiffy, mark IV. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34, 111–117.

19.

Keselman

H. J.

Othman

A. R.

Wilcox

R. R.

Fradette

(2004). The new and improved two-sample t test. Psychological Science, 15(1), 47–51.

20.

Klein

J. M.

Gonçalves

Silva

C. F.

(2009). The Rutter Children Behaviour Questionnaire for teachers: From psychometrics to norms, estimating caseness. Psico-USF, 14, 157–165.

21.

Lahey

B. B.

Schwab-Stone

Goodman

S. H.

Waldman

I. D.

Canino

Rathouz

P. J.

Jensen

P. S.

(2000). Age and gender differences in oppositional behavior and conduct problems: A cross-sectional household study of middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 488.

22.

Laninga-Wijnen

Harakeh

Dijkstra

J. K.

Veenstra

Vollebergh

(2018). Aggressive and prosocial peer norms: Change, stability, and associations with adolescent aggressive and prosocial behavior development. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38, 178–203.

23.

Laosa

L. M.

(1982). School, occupation, culture, and family: The impact of parental schooling on the parent–child relationship. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 791.

24.

Leech

N. L.

Barrett

K. C.

Morgan

G. A.

(2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. London, UK. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved from http://tip.iums.ac.ir/uploads/35_329_26_2.pdf

25.

Lipman

E. L.

Kenny

Brennan

O’Grady

Augimeri

(2011). Helping boys at-risk of criminal activity: Qualitative results of a multi-component intervention. BMC Public Health, 11, 364.

26.

Luiselli

J. K.

Putnam

R. F.

Handler

M. W.

Feinberg

A. B.

(2005). Whole-school positive behaviour support: Effects on student discipline problems and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 25, 183–198.

27.

Maughan

Pickles

Hagell

Rutter

Yule

(1996). Reading problems and antisocial behaviour: Developmental trends in comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 405–418.

28.

McGee

T. R.

Hayatbakhsh

M. R.

Bor

Cerruto

Dean

Alati

Najman

J. M.

(2011). Antisocial behaviour across the life course: An examination of the effects of early onset desistence and early onset persistent antisocial behaviour in adulthood. Australian Journal of Psychology, 63, 44–55.

29.

Mõttus

Guljajev

Allik

Laidra

Pullmann

(2012). Longitudinal associations of cognitive ability, personality traits and school grades with antisocial behaviour. European Journal of Personality, 26, 56–62.

30.

Natarajan

A. D.

(2010). Culture and perceived parenting style: Implications for interpersonal and academic functioning in Indian and American college students (Doctoral dissertation). Miami University, Oxford, OH.

31.

Nazari

M. R.

Hassan

M. S. B. H.

Osman

M. N.

Parhizkar

Yasin

M. A. I. B.

(2013). Children television viewing and antisocial behaviour: Does the duration of exposure matter? Journal of Sociological Research, 4, 207–217.

32.

Novik

N. N.

Podgórecki

(2015). A model of developing communication skills among adolescents with behavioral problems. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10, 579–587.

33.

Omigbodun

O. O.

Gureje

(2004). Factor analysis of the Children’s Behaviour Questionnaire in a Nigerian paediatric primary care population. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 17–20.

34.

Pas

E. T.

Cash

A. H.

O’Brennan

Debnam

K. J.

Bradshaw

C. P.

(2015). Profiles of classroom behavior in high schools: Associations with teacher behavior management strategies and classroom composition. Journal of School Psychology, 53, 137–148.

35.

Pearson

A. L.

(2013). The Impact of Parenting Styles on the Emotional Regulation of Adolescents. Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers. 248. Retrieved from https://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/248

36.

Piotrowska

P. J.

Stride

C. B.

Croft

S. E.

Rowe

(2015). Socioeconomic status and antisocial behaviour among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 35, 47–55.

37.

Popkin

M. H.

(2018). What is your parenting style? Retrieved from Active Parenting. Retrieved from http://www.activeparenting.com/Parents-Parenting_Style_Quiz

38.

Rosli

N. A.

(2014). Effect of parenting styles on children’s emotional and behavioral problems among different ethnicities of Muslim children in the US (Doctoral dissertation). Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI.

39.

Sarwar

(2016). Influence of parenting style on children’s behaviour. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 3, 222–249.

40.

Simons

L. G.

Conger

R. D.

(2007). Linking mother–father differences in parenting to a typology of family parenting styles and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 212–241.

41.

Sukhodolsky

D. G.

Smith

S. D.

McCauley

S. A.

Ibrahim

Piasecka

J. B.

(2016). Behavioral interventions for anger, irritability, and aggression in children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26, 58–64.

42.

Talib

M. B. A.

Abdullah

Mansor

(2011). Relationship between parenting style and children’s behavior problems. Asian Social Science, 7, 195.

43.

Thomas

H. J.

Connor

J. P.

Scott

J. G.

(2015). Integrating traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Challenges of definition and measurement in adolescents—A review. Educational Psychology Review, 27, 135–152.

44.

Thuen

Bendixen

(1996). The relationship between antisocial behaviour and injury-related behaviour among young Norwegian adolescents. Health Education Research, 11, 51–56.

45.

Tong

(2015). The impact of parental behaviors on children’s negative emotions (Master’s thesis). University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.

46.

Vassallo

Smart

Sanson

Dussuyer

(2004). Patterns of antisocial behaviour from early to late adolescence. TRENDS & ISSUES in Crime and Criminal Justice, 290, 1–6.

47.

Wing Lam

(2016). Case study on working mother’s parenting style and the effect on child’s social competence. (Bachelor’s dissertation). The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Ting Kok, Hong Kong.

48.

Wright

M. O. D.

Crawford

Del Castillo

(2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 59–68.

49.

Zaman

Arslan

Malik

Mehmood

(2014). Effect of parenting style on child behavior: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Education and Practice, 5, 112–118.