Investigation of pore structure evolution and damage characteristics of high temperature rocks subjected to liquid nitrogen cooling shock

Abstract

Liquid nitrogen (LN₂) can be utilized in the development of enhanced geothermal systems, as well as for deep/ultra-deep hydrocarbon reservoir stimulation, fire suppression, and other high-temperature geological projects. It is a crucial issue in the utilization of LN₂ to investigate the pore structure evolution, permeability, and damage characteristics of high-temperature rocks under the influence of LN₂ cooling shock. These rocks were first slowly heated to 150∼600°C and held for 2 h, followed by LN₂ or natural cooling. The evolution of pore volume in high-temperature rocks affected by liquid nitrogen cooling was quantified. T₂ cutoff values were determined through centrifugal tests, while the contents of irreducible and mobile fluids were estimated. Based on the aforementioned analysis as well as changes in irreducible fluid saturation, pore throat, tortuosity, and permeability, this study examines the closure and development of pores along with permeability behavior. The findings suggest that, despite a more pronounced decrease in porosity at lower heating temperatures, LN₂ cooling specimens exhibit superior pore connectivity and permeability compared to those cooled naturally. LN₂ stimulation not only induces crack initiation and propagation but also results in further cooling induced densification based on heating densification. 225°C is considered to be the optimal temperature for cooling contraction induced densification in this study. At higher heating temperatures, the damage to rock cooled with LN₂ is more severe than that of naturally cooled. This results in a greater increase in porosity, movable fluid content and proportion, and permeability of LN₂ cooled specimens compared to naturally cooled specimens. The damage mechanism can be better understood by the constructed damage model that coordinates the pore increase/decrease and mutual pore transformation from the perspective of pore evolution.