Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

This paper formulates a phenomenological continuum model, which includes the idealized Mullins effect and loading-rate effects, for the stress-stretch behavior of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM). This proposed model is based on Ogden and Roxburgh’s pseudoelasticity theory and a hyperelastic form of strain-energy function describing the Mullins effect. Based on experimental results, the loading-rate effects are introduced into this model by replacing the material parameters with an exponential formation as a function of loading rate. The loading rate has effects only on the material parameters and the degree of damage in a specimen is only dependent on the maximum stretch ratio it experiences. It is demonstrated that this model provides a good agreement with the experimental results on EPDM stress-stretch behavior over a wide range of stretching rates.

Keywords

EPDM rubber constitutive behavior phenomenological model Mullins effect loading rate

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Arruda, E.M. and Boyce, M.C. (1993). A Three-dimensional Constitutive Model for the Large Stretch Behavior of Rubber Elastic Materials , Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 41: 389-412 .

Beatty, M.F and Krishnaswamy, S. (2000). A Theory of Stress-softening in Incompressible Isotropic Materials , Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 48: 1931-1965 .

Bouasse, H. and Carriere, Z. (1903). Courbes de traction du caoutchouc vulcanize , Annales de la Faculté des Sciences, 5: 257-283 .

Cheng, M. and Chen, W. (2003). Experimental Investigation of the Stress-stretch Behavior of EPDM Rubber with Loading Rate Effects , International Journal of Solids and Structures, 40(18): 4749-4768 .

Harwood, J.A.C. and Payne, A.R. (1966a). Stress Softening in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Part III. Carbon Black-filled Vulcanizates , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 10: 315-324 .

Harwood, J.A.C. and Payne, A.R. (1966b). Stress Softening in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates, Part IV. Unfilled Vulcanizates , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 10: 1203-1211 .

Harwood, J.A.C. , Mullins, L. and Payne, A.R. (1965). Stress Softening in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Part II. Stress Softening Effects in Pure Gum and Filler Loaded Rubbers , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 9: 3011-3021 .

Holzapfel, G.A. , Stadler, M. and Ogden, R.W. (1999). Aspects of Stress Softening in Filled Rubbers Incorporating Residual Strains, In: Dorfmann, A. and Muhr, A. (eds), Constitutive Models for Rubber, A. A. Balkema Publishers, Brookfield, VT , pp. 189-193.

Marckmann, G. , Verron, E. , Gornet, L. , Chagnon, G. , Charrier, P. and Fort, P. (2002). A Theory of Network Alteration for the Mullins Effect , Journal of the Mechanical and Physics of Solids, 50: 2011-2028 .

10.

Mullins, L. (1947). Effect of Stretching on the Properties of Rubber , Journal of Rubber Research, 16: 275-289 .

11.

Mullins, L. (1969). Softening of Rubber by Deformation , Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 42: 339-362 .

12.

Mullins, L. and Tobin, N.R. (1965). Stress Softening in Rubber Vulcanizates. Part I. Use of a Strain Amplification Factor to Describe the Elastic Behavior of Filler-reinforced Vulcanized Rubber , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 9: 2993-3009 .

13.

Ogden, R.W. (2001). Pseudo-elasticity and Stress Softening, In: Fu, Y.B. and Ogden, R.W. (eds), Nonlinear Elasticity - Theory and Applications, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY , pp. 491-522.

14.

Ogden, R.W. and Roxburgh, D.G. (1999a). A Pseudo-elastic Model for the Mullins Effect in Filled Rubber , Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 455: 2861-2877 .

15.

Ogden, R.W. and Roxburgh, D.G. (1999b). An Energy-based Model for the Mullins Effect, In: Dorfmann, A. and Muhr, A. (eds), Constitutive Models for Rubber, pp. 23-28.

16.

Song, B. , Chen, W. and Weerasooriya, T. (2003a). Quasi-static and Dynamic Compressive Behaviors of a S-2 glass/SC15 Composite , Journal of Composite Materials, 37(19): 1723-1743 .

17.

Song, B. , Chen, W. and Cheng, M. (2004). A Novel Model for Uniaxial Strain-rate-dependent Stress-strain Behavior of EPDM Rubber in Compression or Tension , Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 92: 1553-1558 .

18.

Warren, T.L. and Forrestal, M.J. (1998). Effects of Strain Hardening and Strain-rate Sensitivity on the Penetration of Aluminum Targets with Spherical-nosed Rods , International Journal of Solids and Structures, 35: 3737-3753 .

Phenomenological Modeling of the Stress-Stretch Behavior of EPDM Rubber with Loading-rate and Damage Effects

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References