Development of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Algorithm for the Assessment of Skeletal Age and Detection of Cervical Vertebral Anomalies in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate

Abstract

Objective

To develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithm for the assessment and comparison of skeletal maturation in patients with and without cleft lip and/or palate and to detect the presence of cervical vertebral anomalies (CVAs).

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

A university orthodontic clinic and comprehensive cleft care centers.

Patients/Participants

In total, 1080 cephalograms of patients with and without unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) aged 6 to 18 years, without any associated syndromes, congenital disorders, or history of trauma or illness, were collected. About 960 cephalograms were assessed in the study upon elimination of poor-quality lateral cephalograms.

Methods

The MobileNet architecture using TensorFlow framework was employed to develop 2 convolutional neural network (CNN)-based AI models for automated assessment of skeletal age and detection of CVAs. Inter-rater reliability for manual cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) staging was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. The results of each model were separately analyzed using chi-square test, and the statistical significance was tested at 5% level.

Results

The CNN-based AI model yielded an average accuracy rate of 74.5%, with an accuracy of up to 88% for detecting skeletal maturity and an accuracy rate of 83% for detecting CVAs.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that CVM methods help detect skeletal maturity objectively in patients with UCLP and have shown delayed skeletal growth compared to patients without UCLP. CVAs were found to be more prevalent in patients with UCLP than in their non-cleft counterparts, with these findings facilitated by utilizing a novel AI algorithm.