Educators continually seek effective strategies to address the educational needs of students. Two popular strategies are service-learning and after-school programs. The purpose of this study was to begin to explore the value of embedding service-learning into after-school programs. This study utilized a historical database and compared two groups of students participating in an after-school program at four elementary schools. Preliminary results suggested that students participating in the service-learning component of the after-school program had greater improvement in their grade point averages and conduct grades and were less likely to be suspended than students who did not participate in the service-learning component.
AkujobiC.SimmonsR. (1997). An assessment of elementary school service-learning teaching methods: Using service-learning goals. NSEE Quarterly, 23(2), 19–28
AstinA. (1996). The role of service in higher education. About Campus, 11, 14–19
4.
AstinA.SaxL. J. (1998). How undergraduates are affected by service participation. Journal of College Student Development, 39(3), 251–263
5.
AstinA.VogelgesangL.IkedaE.YeeL. (2000). How service learning affects students. Executive Summary, Higher Education Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
6.
BatchelderT. H.RootS. (1994). Effects of an undergraduate program to integrate academic learning and service: Cognitive, prosocial cognitive, and identity outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 17, 341–355
7.
BilligS. H. (2000). Research on K-12 school-based service-learning: The evidence builds. Phi Delta Kappan, 81(9), 658–664
8.
BilligS. H. (2004). Heads, hearts, and hands: The research on K-12 service learning in growing to greatness. The State of Service Learning Project 2004 Report, National Youth Leadership Council and State Farm Insurance
9.
BilligS. H.FurcoA. (2002). Research agenda for K-12 service-learning. InFurcoA.BilligS. (Eds.), Service-Learning: The Essence of the Pedagogy. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing
10.
BilligS. H.KluteM. M. (2003). The impact of service-learning on MEAP: A large scale study of Michigan Learn and Serve grantees. Presentation at National Service Learning Conference, Minneapolis, MN
11.
CarlisiA. M. (1996). The 3:00 Project Program Evaluation. Decatur: Georgia School Age Care Association
12.
CoinerJ.ReedD.ArvisuJ.MinklerJ. (1999). Dare to Dream Violence Prevention Program: After school learning and safe neighborhoods partnerships program. Leadership Academy, Fresno County Office of Education
13.
DoughtyJ. E. (1997, June). The effect of a social skills curriculum on student performance. Paper presented at the Third Annual Research Colloquium, Carrollton, GA
14.
DynarskiM.James-BurdumyS.MooreM.RosenbergL.DekeJ.MansfieldW. (2004). When schools stay open late: The national evaluation of the 21st Century Community Learning Centers Program: New findings. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office
15.
EylerJ. (2000). What do we most need to know about the impact of service-learning on student learning?Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, Special Issue, 12–13
16.
FasholaO. S. (1998). Review of extended-day and after-school programs and their effectiveness. Baltimore, MD: Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk
17.
FoleyE.EddinsC. (1998, October). Virtual Y: 1997–98 Report on impact of Virtual Y on children's classroom behavior. National Center for Schools and Communities, Fordham University, Submitted to YMCA of Greater New York
18.
FoleyE.EddinsC. (1999, January). Virtual Y: 1997–98 Report on academic progress of children enrolled in the Virtual Y. National Center for Schools and Communities, Fordham University, Submitted to YMCA of Greater New York
19.
FunkhauserJ. (1995). Extending learning time for disadvantaged students. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education
20.
HowardJ. P.GelmonS. B.GilesD. E. (2000). From yesterday to tomorrow? Strategic directions for service-learning research. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning Special Issue, 5–10
21.
KatulaR. A.ThrenhauserE. (1999). Experiential education in the undergraduate Curriculum. Communication Education, 48(3), 238–255
22.
KendrickJ. R.Jr. (1996). Outcomes of service-learning in an introduction to sociology course. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 3, 72–81
23.
KluteM. M.BilligS. H. (2002). The impact of Service-Learning on MEAP: A large-scale study of Michigan Learn and Serve grantees. Denver, CO. RMC: Research Corporation
24.
LipseyM. W. (1997). What can you build with thousands of bricks? Musings on the accumulation of knowledge in program evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, (EJ 560 267)
25.
LittleP.HarrisE. (2003). A review of out-of-school time program quasi-experimental and experimental evaluation results. The Harvard Family Research Project, 1
26.
LuiselliJ. K.PutnamR. F.HandlerM. W.FeinbergA. B. (2005). Whole-school positive behavior support: Effects on student discipline problems and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 25(2/3), 183–198
27.
MarkusG. B.HowardJ. P.KingD. C. (1993). Integrating community service and classroom instruction enhances learning: results from an experiment. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15(4), 410–419
28.
MelchiorA. (1999). Summary report: National evaluation of Learn and Serve America. Waltham, MA: Center for Human Resources, Brandeis University
29.
MelchiorA.BailisL. (2002). Impact of service-learning on civic attitudes and behaviors of middle and high school youth. InFurcoA.BilligS. (Eds.), Service-Learning: The Essence of the Pedagogy. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing
30.
MooreD. T. (2000). The relationship between experiential learning research and service-learning research. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, Special Issue, 124–128
31.
MuellerD.LangeC. (2000, April). Extended day participation and academic achievement among urban elementary school students. Paper presented at AERA, New Orleans
32.
Myers-LiptonS. (1996). Effect of a comprehensive service program on college students' level of modern racism. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 3, 44–54
33.
PayneC. (2000). Changes in involvement preferences as measured by the community service involvement preference inventory. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 7, 41–45
34.
PosnerJ.VandellD. L. (1994). Low-income children's after-school care: Are there beneficial effects of after-school programs?Child Development, 65, 440–456
35.
RaskoffS. (1997). Group dynamics in service-learning: Guiding student relations. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 4, 109–115
36.
RileyD.SteinbergJ.ToddC.JungeS.McClainI. (1994). Preventing problem behavior and raising academic performance in the nation's youth: The impacts of 64 school-age child care programs in 15 states supported by the cooperative extension service youth-at-risk initiative. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin
37.
RockquemoreK. A.SchafferR. H. (2000). Toward a theory of engagement: A cognitive mapping of service learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 7, 14–23
38.
ScalesP. C.RoehlkepartainE. C. (2004). Community service and service learning in U.S. public schools, 2004: Findings from a national survey. National Youth Leadership Council
39.
ScottT. M.BarrettS. B. (2004). Using staff and student time engaged in disciplinary procedures to evaluate the impact of PBS. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 6(1), 21–27
SteinbergJ.RileyD.ToddC. (1993). Preventing problem behaviors and raising academic performance in the nation's youth: The impacts of 71 school-age child care programs supported by the CES Youth-At-Risk Initiative. Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Wisconsin Center for Action on the Family
42.
StephensL. (1995). The complete guide to learning through community service, grades K-9. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon
43.
StrageA. A. (2000). Service-learning: enhancing student learning outcomes in a college-level lecture course. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 7, 5–13
44.
U.S. Department of Education (2000). After school programs: Keeping children safe and smart. Partnership for Family Involvement in Education, Washington, D.C.
45.
VogelgesangL. J.AlexanderW. (2000). Comparing the effects of community service and service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 7, 25–34
46.
YatesM.YounissJ. (1996). Perspective on community service in adolescence. Social Development, 5, 85–111
47.
YelsmaP. (1994). Combining small group problem solving with service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 1, 62–69
