While most early intervention programs for handicapped children that involve parents focus on the needs of the handicapped child's mother, the research indicates that fathers play an important role in their child's development and often need help learning how to adapt to the birth of a handicapped child and to foster the child's development. Our increasing understanding of the paternal role and the special needs of fathers enables us to suggest activities for programs to offer for fathers of handicapped young children.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Als, H., Tronick, E., & Brazelton, T.B.Affective reciprocity and the development of autonomy: The study of a blind infant. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 1980, 19, 22-40.
2.
Blake, A., Stewart, A., & Turcan, D.Parents of babies of very low birth weight: Long-term follow-up. In Parent-infant interaction, Ciba Foundation Symposium33 (new series). Amsterdam: Associated Scientific Publishers, 1975.
3.
Brazelton, T.B., Koslowski, B., & Main, M.The origins of reciprocity: The early mother-infant interaction. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver . New York: Wiley, 1974.
4.
Bronfenbrenner, U.Is early intervention effective? A report on longitudinal evaluations of preschool programs (vol. 2). Washington DC: Office of Child Development, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare , 1974.
5.
Clarke-Stewart, K.A.And daddy makes three: The father's impact on mother and young children . Child Development, 1978, 49, 466-478.
6.
Clarke-Stewart, K.A.The father's contribution to children's cognitive and social development in early childhood. In F. A. Pedersen (Ed.), The father-infant relationship: Observational studies in the family setting. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1980.
7.
Cohler, B., & Grunebaum, H.Mothers, grandmothers and daughters. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1981.
8.
Collins, G.A new look at life with father. New York Times Magazine , June 17, 1979, pp. 31, 49-52, 65-66.
9.
Condon, W.S. & Sander, L.Synchrony demonstrated between movements of the neonate and adult speech. Child Development, 1974, 45, 456-462.
10.
Crain, A.J., & Stamm, C.S.Intermittent absence of fathers and children's perceptions of parents . Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1965 , 27, 344-347.
11.
Cummings, S.T.The impact of the child's deficiency on the father: A study of mentally retarded and chronically ill children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 1976, 46(2), 246-255.
12.
Delaney, S.W., Meyer, D.J., & Ward, M.J.Fathers and infants class: A model for facilitating attachment between fathers and their infants. Unpublished manuscript, Experimental Education Unit, University of Washington, 1980.
13.
De Vito, B., & Goldberg, S.The effects of newborn medical status on early parent-infant interaction . In T. Field, A. Sostek, S. Goldberg, & H. H. Shuman (Eds.), Infants born at risk . New York: Spectrum, 1979.
14.
Dickie, J., & Carnahan, S.Training in social competence: The effect on mothers, fathers and infants . Child Development, 1980, 51, 1248-1251.
15.
Eiduson, B.T., & Weisner, T.S.Alternative family styles: Effects on your children. In J. Stevens & M. Matthews (Eds.), Mother/ child father/child relationships. Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1979.
16.
Emde, R.N., Katz, E.L., & Thorpe, J.K.Emotional expression in infancy, II: Early deviations in Down's syndrome . In M. Lewis, & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect . New York: Plenum Press, 1978.
17.
Farber, B., & Jenne, W.C.Family organization and parent-child communication: Parents and siblings of a retarded child. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1963, 28, serial no. 91.
18.
Farber, B., Jenne, W., & Toigo, R.Family crisis and the decision to institutionalize the retarded child . NEA Research Monograph series, No. A-1. Washington DC : The Council for Exceptional Children, 1960.
19.
Feiring, C.The influence of the child and secondary parent on maternal behavior: Toward a social systems view of early infant-mother attachment. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburg, 1975.
20.
Field, T.Interaction behaviors of primary versus secondary caretaker fathers . Developmental Psychology, 1978, 14(2), 183-184.
21.
Field, T.Games parents play with normal and high-risk infants. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 1979, 10(1), 41-48.
22.
Field, T.M.Interactions of high-risk infants: Quantitative and qualitative differences . In D. Sawin, R. Hawkins, A. Walker, & J. Penticuff (Eds.), Exceptional Infant (vol. 4). New York: Brunner / Mazel, 1980.
23.
Foley, G.Attachment and the handicapped child: Development, disorders, intervention . New York: North American Center on Adoption, 1981.
24.
Fraiberg, S.Blind infants and their mothers: An examination of the sign system . In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver. New York: Wiley, 1974.
25.
Frodi, A.M., Lamb, M.E., Leavitt, L.A., & Donovan, W.L.Fathers' and mothers' responses to infant smiles and cries. Infant Behavior and Development, 1978, 1(2), 187-198.
26.
Gallagher, J., Cross, A., & Scharfman, W.Parental adaptation to a young handicapped child: The father's role . Journal of the Division of Early Childhood, 1981, 3, 3-14.
27.
Gayton, W.F., & Walker, L.W.Family management of Down's syndrome during the early years. Family Physician, 1974, 9, 160-164.
28.
Greenberg, M., & Morris, N.Engrossment: The newborn's impact upon the father. American Journal of orthopsychiatry, 1974, 44, 520-531.
29.
Grossman, F.K.Brothers and sisters of retarded children: An exploratory study. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press , 1972.
30.
Hersch, A.Changes in family functioning following placement of a retarded child . Social Work, 1970, 15, 93-102.
31.
Kotelchuck, M.The infant's relationship to the father: Experimental evidence. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development. New York: Wiley, 1976.
32.
Lamb, M.E.Interactions between eight-month-old children and their fathers and mothers . In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development. New York: Wiley, 1976.
33.
Lewis, M., & Weinraub, M.Sex of parent X sex of child: Socioemotional development. In R. C. Friedman, K. M. Richart , & R. L. Vande Weile (Eds.), Sex differences in behavior. New York: Wiley, 1974.
34.
Levine, M., & Block, R. Unpublished study. Cited by J.C. McCullagh, Baby Talk, June 1980 , p. 3.
35.
Lind, J.1973 personal communication quoted by Klaus, M. and Kennell, J., In J. Stevens & M. Matthews (Eds.), Mother/child father/child relationships . Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1978.
36.
Love, H.The mentally retarded child and his family. Springfield IL: Charles C Thomas, 1973.
37.
National Institute of Mental Health.Clinical infant intervention research programs: Selected overview and discussion. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. DREW Pub. No. (ADM) 79-748, 1979.
38.
Parke, R.D.Fathers. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
39.
Parke, R.D., & O'Leary, S.Father-mother-infant interaction in the newborn period: Some findings, some observations, and some unresolved issues. In K. Riegel & J. Meacham (Eds.), The developing individual in a changing world (vol. 2) Social and environmental issues. The Hague : Mouton, 1976.
40.
Parke, R.D., Power, T.G., Tinsley, B.R., & Hymel, S.The father's role in the family system. In P. M. Taylor (Ed.), Parent-infant relationships. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1980.
41.
Peck, J.R., & Stephens, W.B.A study of the relationship between the attitude and behavior of parents and that of their mentally defective child. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1960, 64, 839-844.
42.
Pedersen, F.A., Anderson, B.J., & Cain, R.L.An approach to understanding linkages between parent-infant and spouse relationships . Paper presented at the Society of Research in Child Development, New Orleans, March 1977.
43.
Pedersen, F.A., & Robson, K.S.Father participation in infancy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 1969, 39, 466-472.
44.
Power, T.G., & Parke, R.D.Play as a context for early learning: Lab and home analyses. In I. E. Sigel & L. M. Laosa (Eds.), The family as a learning environment. New York: Plenum, in press.
45.
Price-Bonham, S., & Addison, S.Families and mentally retarded children: Emphasis on the father. The Family Coordinator, 1978, 27, 221-230.
46.
Radin, N.Childrearing fathers in intact families with preschoolers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, September 1978 .
47.
Reed, E.W., & Reed, S.C.Mental retardation: A family study. Philadelphia : Saunders, 1965.
48.
Ross, G., Kagan, J., Zelazo, P., & Kotelchuck, M.Separation protests in infants in home and laboratory . Developmental Psychology, 1975 , 11, 256-257.
49.
Sawin, D.B.Fathers' interactions with infants. In B. Weissbourd & J. Musick (Eds.), Infants: Their social environments. Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1981.
50.
Stern, D.N.Mother and infant at play: The dyadic interaction involving facial, vocal and gaze behaviors. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiverNew York; Wiley, 1974.
51.
Tallman, I.Spousal role differentiation and the socialization of severely retarded children . Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1965 , 27, 37-42.
52.
Tew, B.J., Lawrence, K.M., Payne, H., & Rawnsley, K.Marital stability following the birth of a child with spina bifida . British Journal of Psychiatry, 1977, 131, 79-82,
53.
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Secretary, Women's Bureau.Facts on Women Worke'rs. Washington DC: Author, 1980.
54.
Uzoka, A.F.The myth of the nuclear family. American Psychologist , 1979, 34, 1095-1106.
55.
Weinraub. M.fatherhood: The myth of the second-class parent. In. J. Stevens & M. Matthews (Eds.), Mother/child father/child relationship. Washington DC; National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1979.
56.
Wiegerink, R., Hocutt, A., Posante-Loro, R., & Bristol, M.Parent involvement in early education programs for handicapped children . New Directions for Exceptional Children, 1980, 1, 67-85.
57.
Young, J.C., & Hamilton, M.E.Paternal behavior: Implications for child rearing practice. In J. Stevens & M. Matthews (Eds.), Mother/child father/child relationships. Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1979.
