Resilience is a system performance feature and integration in a management framework. The aim of resilience engineering (RE) is to improve the capacity to mitigate variations in system performance when faced with changes, disruptions, and uncertainties. Social network analysis (SNA) enables the examination of intricate human systems by visualizing and describing relationships among individuals, groups, and entities.
Objective
This paper is aimed at evaluating RE to improve safety management performance using an SNA approach.
Methods
In the present study, the databases ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used. The keywords for the searches included ‘resilience engineering’, ‘resilience’, ‘safety management’, and ‘social network analysis’.
Results
SNA, which is frequently employed to examine relationships and structures within networks, offers valuable tools for analyzing and enhancing the resilience of interconnected systems. SNA is a quantitative approach rooted in graph theory and mathematical symbols. The process of SNA entails conducting a survey to gather data from participants, refining the collected data, and utilizing software such as Gephi to map social networks.
Conclusions
Assessing the RE of organizations through SNA can provide a better understanding of how individuals and groups interact, and how determining the nature of these interactions can impact safety management performance. Because appropriate communication among employees, as well as appropriate and desirable communication between managers and employees, and vice versa, can play a significant role in improving safety management performance. Appropriate and desirable communications by creating a strong structure led to an increase in the organization's ability to respond to safety issues, effective improvement, and active participation in accident prevention, ultimately playing a very important role in enhancing organizational resilience in safety management performance.
IlhanezMPLSilvaEMattosU, et al.Assessment of safety indicators in high-risk industries in the context of resilience engineering: a systematic literature review. Gestão Produção2023; 30: e3423.
2.
HafeezHAbdullahMIZaheerMA,et al.Organizational resilience process: integrated model of safety culture. Organizon ManageJ2022; 19: 2–21.
3.
GranitoJTrenchNJEnglandR,et al.Identifying leadership and management best practices for reducing firefighter deaths and injuries Phase I report. Stillwater, OK: Fire Protection Publications, 2006.
4.
KhanFHashemiSJPaltrinieriN, et al.Dynamic risk management: a contemporary approach to process safety management. Curr Opin Chem Eng2016; 14: 9–17.
5.
HuangL-jLiangD. Development of safety regulation and management system in energy industry of China: comparative and case study perspectives. Procedia Eng2013; 52: 165–170.
6.
DelikhoonMZareiEBandaOV, et al.Systems thinking accident analysis models: a systematic review for sustainable safety management. Sustainability2022; 14: 5869.
7.
GrøtanTStørsethF. Integrated safety management based on organizational resilience. Adv Saf Reliabil Risk Manage: ESREL2012; 2011: 1732–1740.
8.
WachterJKYorioPL. A system of safety management practices and worker engagement for reducing and preventing accidents: an empirical and theoretical investigation. Accid Anal Prev2014; 68: 117–130.
9.
HollnagelELeonhardtJLicuT. The systemic potentials management: Building a basis for resilient performance. A White Paper Brussels, Belgium. 2021.
10.
ShiraliGAMotamedzadeMMohammadfamI, et al.Assessment of resilience engineering factors based on system properties in a process industry. Cogn Technol Work2016; 18: 19–31.
11.
LevesonNDulacNZipkinD, et al.Engineering resilience into safety-critical systems. Resilience engineering: CRC Press, 2017, pp.95–123.
12.
JahangiriMZinat-MotlaghKGhaemH, et al.Safety culture maturity and resilience engineering in an oil drilling industry: a comparison study among government-owned and private companies. Work2021; 70: 443–453.
13.
LinkovITrumpBD. The science and practice of resilience. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019.
14.
De IuliisMCardoniACimellaroGP. Resilience and safety of civil engineering systems and communities: a bibliometric analysis for mapping the state-of-the-art. Saf Sci2024; 174: 106470.
15.
FosterCJPlantKLStantonNA. Adaptation as a source of safety in complex socio-technical systems: a literature review and model development. Saf Sci2019; 118: 617–631.
16.
ShiraliGAAzadianSSakiA. A new framework for assessing hospital crisis management based on resilience engineering approach. Work2016; 54: 435–444.
17.
MohammediHTeymouriH. The assessment of health, safety and environment management system in Zanjan Zinc Industrial Plants from the Resilience Engineering perspective in. 2020.
18.
BergSHAaseK. Resilient characteristics as described in empirical studies on health care. In: Exploring resilience: A scientific journey from practice to theory. Cham: Springer Open, 2019, pp.79–87.
19.
PatriarcaRBergströmJDi GravioG,et al.Resilience engineering: current status of the research and future challenges. Saf Sci2018; 102: 79–100.
20.
RighiAWSaurinTAWachsP. A systematic literature review of resilience engineering: research areas and a research agenda proposal. Reliab Eng Syst Saf2015; 141: 142–152.
21.
RanasingheUJefferiesMDavisP,et al.Resilience engineering indicators and safety management: a systematic review. Saf Health Work2020; 11: 127–135.
22.
AsadzadehSMMalekiHTanhaeeanM. A resilience engineering-based approach to improving service reliability in maintenance organizations. Int J Syst Assurance Eng Manage2020; 11: 909–922.
23.
FungIWTamVWChuJO,et al.A stress-strain model for resilience engineering for construction safety and risk management. Int J Constr Manage2022; 22: 2308–2324.
24.
JainPPasmanHJWaldramS, et al.Process resilience analysis framework (PRAF): a systems approach for improved risk and safety management. J Loss Prev Process Ind2018; 53: 61–73.
BaumSD. Risk and resilience for unknown, unquantifiable, systemic, and unlikely/catastrophic threats. Environ Syst Decisions2015; 35: 229–236.
27.
LovePEMatthewsJ. Quality, requisite imagination and resilience: managing risk and uncertainty in construction. Reliab Eng Syst Saf2020; 204: 107172.
28.
DemichelaMGalloMSalzanoE. A review of the methodologies for the resilience assessment in the process industry. J Polish Saf Reliabil Assoc2015; 6: 39–44.
29.
de CarvalhoEAGomesJOJatobáA, et al.Employing resilience engineering in eliciting software requirements for complex systems: experiments with the functional resonance analysis method (FRAM). Cogn Technol Work2021; 23: 65–83.
30.
AmoueiHMirza Ebrahim TehraniMJoziSA,et al.Development of a semi-quantitative model for the assessment of safety resilience in process industries: a cross-sectional study based on the Delphi method with a passive defense approach. J Occup Hygiene Eng2021; 8: 32–40.
31.
ShiraliGARashnoudiPSalehiV,et al.A hierarchical assessment of resilience engineering indicators in petrochemical industries using AHP and TOPSIS. Human Factors Ergon Manufact Service Industr2023; 33: 3–26.
32.
MousaviSMNaeniMJHaghighatM,et al.Identifying and prioritizing of indicators affecting resilience in the event of fire-induced emergencies in a combined cycle power plant using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). Middle East J Islamic Stud Culture2023; 3: 14–21.
33.
PatriarcaRGravioGDCostantinoF. Resilience engineering to assess risks for the air traffic management system: a new systemic method. Int J Reliab Saf2016; 10: 323–345.
34.
AlsamadaniRHallowellMJavernick-WillAN. Measuring and modelling safety communication in small work crews in the US using social network analysis. Constr Manage Econ2013; 31: 568–579.
35.
CouncilNR. Applications of social network analysis for building community disaster resilience: workshop summary. 2009.
36.
Liébana-PresaCAndina-DíazEReguera-GarcíaM-M, et al.Social network analysis and resilience in university students: an approach from cohesiveness. Int J Environ Res Public Health2018; 15: 2119.
37.
CamachoDPanizo-LLedotABello-OrgazG, et al.The four dimensions of social network analysis: an overview of research methods, applications, and software tools. Inf Fusion2020; 63: 88–120.
38.
KermaniMAMAMohammadiNGhasemiH, et al.Enhancing gas distribution network resilience utilizing a mixed social network analysis–simulation approach: application of artificial intelligence. IEEE Access2024; 13: 6924–6944.
39.
PattabiramanVParvathiR. Social network analysis using graph theory. Int J Mathematics Game Theory Algebra2018; 27: 45–65.
40.
CarlsonEJPooleMSLambertNJ,et al.A study of organizational reponses to dilemmas in interorganizational emergency management. Communic Res2017; 44: 287–315.
41.
WangDWangPLiuY. The emergence process of construction project resilience: a social network analysis approach. Buildings2022; 12: 822.
42.
RhaJS. Trends of research on supply chain resilience: a systematic review using network analysis. Sustainability2020; 12: 4343.
43.
AndrzejakPWawrzynekŁ. Challenges in the organizational network analysis: a data collection process perspective. Euro Res Stud J2021; 24: 883–893.
44.
SulaimanSRahimNAAHashimSZM,et al.Visualization and centrality measurement of social network analysis. Jurnal Teknologi (Sci Eng)2016; 78: 8–2.
45.
KumariRJeongJYLeeB-H, et al.Topic modelling and social network analysis of publications and patents in humanoid robot technology. J Inf Sci2021; 47: 658–676.
46.
WehbeFAl HattabMHamzehF. Exploring associations between resilience and construction safety performance in safety networks. Saf Sci2016; 82: 338–351.
47.
ChaiC-LLiuXZhangW,et al.Application of social network theory to prioritizing oil & gas industries protection in a networked critical infrastructure system. J Loss Prev Process Ind2011; 24: 688–694.
48.
OngkowijoyoCDoloiH. Determining critical infrastructure risks using social network analysis. Int J Disaster Resil Built Environ2017; 8: 5–26.
49.
YuanJChenKLiW, et al.Social network analysis for social risks of construction projects in high-density urban areas in China. J Cleaner Prod2018; 198: 940–961.
50.
MassariGFGiannoccaroICarboneG. Team social network structure and resilience: a complex system approach. IEEE Trans Eng Manage2021; 70: 209–219.
BertoniVBSaurinTAFogliattoFS, et al.Monitor, anticipate, respond, and learn: developing and interpreting a multilayer social network of resilience abilities. Saf Sci2021; 136: 105148.
53.
CuiPLiD. A SNA-based methodology for measuring the community resilience from the perspective of social capitals: take Nanjing, China as an example. Sustain Cities Soc2020; 53: 101880.
54.
ScottJTalliaACrossonJC, et al.Social network analysis as an analytic tool for interaction patterns in primary care practices. Annal Family Med2005; 3: 443–448.
55.
GuanCDongDShenF, et al.Hierarchical structure model of safety risk factors in new coastal towns: a systematic analysis using the DEMATEL-ISM-SNA method. Int J Environ Res Public Health2022; 19: 10496.
56.
XueXZhangXWangL, et al.Analyzing collaborative relationships among industrialized construction technology innovation organizations: a combined SNA and SEM approach. J Cleaner Prod2018; 173: 265–277.
57.
TherrienM-CJutrasMUsherS. Including quality in social network analysis to foster dialogue in urban resilience and adaptation policies. Environ Sci Policy2019; 93: 1–10.
58.
YaoYGuoZHuangX, et al.Gauging urban resilience in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic via social network analysis. Cities2023; 138: 104361.
59.
XuLKajikawaY. An integrated framework for resilience research: a systematic review based on citation network analysis. Sustainability Sci2018; 13: 235–254.
60.
LeeDW. Local government’s disaster management capacity and disaster resilience. Local Government Studies2019; 45: 803–826.
61.
GuoJBianYLiM,et al.Assessing resilience through social networks: a case study of flood disaster management in China. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct2024; 108: 104583.
62.
PandaySRushtonSKarkiJ, et al.The role of social capital in disaster resilience in remote communities after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct2021; 55: 102112.
63.
UjitaH. Accident analysis by using methodology of resilience engineering, high reliability organization, and risk literacy. In: Human-Computer Interaction: Users and Contexts: 17th International Conference, HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Springer, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part III 17; 2015.
64.
TranHTBalchanosMDomerçantJC,et al.A framework for the quantitative assessment of performance-based system resilience. Reliab Eng Syst Saf2017; 158: 73–84.
65.
GuoJBianYLiM,et al.Assessing resilience through social networks: a case study of flood disaster management in China. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct2024; 108: 104583.
66.
PfefferbaumBVan HornRLPfefferbaumRL. A conceptual framework to enhance community resilience using social capital. Clin Soc Work J2017; 45: 102–110.
67.
PęciłłoM. The concept of resilience in OSH management: a review of approaches. Int J Occup Saf Ergon2016; 22: 291–300.
68.
KazemianITorabiSAZobelCW, et al.A multi-attribute supply chain network resilience assessment framework based on SNA-inspired indicators. Operat Res2022; 22: 1853–1883.
69.
BertoniVBSaurinTAFogliattoFS. How to identify key players that contribute to resilient performance: a social network analysis perspective. Saf Sci2022; 148: 105648.
70.
KaraliEBojovicDMichalekG, et al.Who is connected with whom? A social network analysis of institutional interactions in the European CCA and DRR landscape. Sustainability2020; 12: 1275.
71.
AdiyosoW. Assessing governments’ emergency responses to the COVID-19 outbreak using a social network analysis (SNA). Sage Open2022; 12: 21582440211071101.
72.
KirnanS. A social network analysis of communication, advice, and information networks among staff members at an institution of higher education. Virginia, USA: Regent University, 2015.
73.
LuYZhangY. Toward a stakeholder perspective on safety risk factors of metro construction: a social network analysis. Complexity2020; 2020: 8884304.
74.
ChoiYGChoKT. Analysis of safety management characteristics using network analysis of CEO messages in the construction industry. Sustainability2020; 12: 5771.
