Men who have sex with men in Uganda are a heterogenous, discriminated population, experiencing high HIV burden, limited access to HIV testing, and low treatment adherence. We contribute to the lack of information about men who have sex with men in rural Uganda by using socio-ecological analyses to examine the social influences shaping their engagement with HIV services. Based on in-depth interviews with 16 men, our findings reveal the inhibitive influence of interpersonal relationships with sexual partners, peers and families, and institutional influences within health service and non-governmental organizational settings. Yet men take action to strategize and seek support to enhance engagement with HIV care in heavily criminalized and stigmatized settings. Future HIV prevention, testing, treatment, and care responses could draw on what affected individuals and communities are already doing to enhance access to HIV services and the effective support strategies of some non-governmental organizations and healthcare workers.
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