Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Participatory Empowerment Group (PEG) for Chinese type 2 diabetes patients in Shanghai. Method: A randomized waiting list control and pretest and posttest comparisons were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention by comparing blood sugar level and health-related quality of life. Results: Before the intervention, scores on both blood sugar and quality of life did not differ significantly between the experimental and control groups. After the intervention, participants in the experimental group scored higher on quality of life and lower on blood sugar level compared to the control group. Conclusions: The PEG was effective in enhancing the quality of life of Chinese type 2 diabetes patients.
Bi, H. M., Chen, Z. H., & Zhou, Y. B. (2001). A comparative study on diabetes quality of life. Journal of Mathematic & Physical Medicine, 14, 125-125. (In Chinese)
2.
Chan, C. L. W., Chan, Y., & Lou, V. W. Q. (2002). Evaluating an empowerment group for divorced Chinese women in Hong Kong. Research on Social Work Practice, 12, 558-569.
3.
Coates, V. E., & Boore, J. R. P. (1996). Knowledge and diabetes self-management. Patient Education and Counseling, 29, 99-108.
4.
Coe, R. (2000). What is an “effect size”? A guide for users. Retrieved December 6, 2005, from http://www.cemcentre.org/ebeuk/research/effectsize/ESguide.htm
5.
Cronbach, L. J. (1990) Essentials of psychological testing (5th ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
6.
Fast, B., & Chapin, R. (2000). Strengths-based care management for older adults. Baltimore: Health Professions Press.
7.
Grigsby, A. B., Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2002). Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1053-1060.
8.
Hanninen, J. A., Takala, J. K., & Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M. (1999). Depression in subjects with type 2 diabetes: Predictive factors and relation to quality of life. Diabetes Care, 22, 997-998.
9.
Hu, M., & Sun, Z. Q. (2004). Apply quality of life measures in assessing treatment outcome of diabetes. Journal of Central South University(Medical Science), 29, 99-101. (In Chinese)
10.
Li, J., Liu, C. J., Li, N. X., He, T. W., & Li, B. Y. (2001). A study of Chinese version SF-36. Journal of HuaXi Medical University, 32, 36-38. (In Chinese)
11.
Lustman, P. J., Griffith, L. S., Freedland, K. E., Kissel, S. S., & Clouse, R. E. (1998). Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129, 302-306.
12.
Lyons, R. F., Sullivan, M. J. L., & Ritvo, P. G. (1995). Relationships in chronic illness and disability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13.
Ma, M. L., Liu, Y., Meng, S. Y., & Chen, K. (2004). Emotional disorders and their interventions among type 2 diabetics. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 8, 5132-5132. (In Chinese)
14.
McHorney, C. A., & Ware, J. E. (1995). Construction and validation of an alternate form general mental health scale for the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-Item Health Survey. Medical Care, 33, 15-28.
15.
Norris, S. L., Michael, M. E., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2001). Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care, 24, 561-588.
16.
Paula, M. T., Michael, J. W., Kirsten, D. B., & Ruth, S. W. (2002). A prospective analysis of marital relationship factors and quality of life in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25, 1154-1159.
17.
Phillips, M. R., & Pearson, V. (1996). Coping in Chinese communities: The need for a new research agenda. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 429-440). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
18.
Rapp, C. A. (1998). The strengths model: Case management with people suffering from severe and persistent mental illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
19.
Rubin, R. R., & Peyrot, M. (1999). Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes-Metabolism Research and Reviews, 15, 205-215.
20.
Russell, J. A., & Yik, M. S. M. (1996). Emotion among the Chinese. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 166-188). Oxford, uk: Oxford University Press.
21.
Saleebey, D. (1996). The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. Social Work, 41, 296-305.
22.
Saleebey, D. (2002). Introduction: Power in the people. In D. Saleebey (Ed.), The strengths perspective in social work practice (pp. 1-22). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
23.
Snoek, F. J., Welch, G. W., Pouwer, F., & Polonsky, W. H. (2000). Diabetes-related emotional distress in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 23, 1305-1309.
24.
SPSS, Inc. (2002). Statistical package for the social sciences, 11.0. Chicago: Author.
25.
Steed, L., Cooke, D., & Newman, S. (2003). A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes following education, self-management and psychological intervention in diabetes mellitus. Patient Education and Counseling, 51, 5-15.
26.
Sun, L. J. (2004). Psychological well being and personality of type 2 diabetes. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 267-268. (In Chinese)
27.
Wang, T. J., Long, R. F., Li, X. Y., Jiang, Y. H., & Ma, X. D. (2002). Psychological well being and its psychosocial associates of type 2 diabetes. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science, 11, 386-387. (In Chinese)
28.
Wang, W., Ban, B., & Yang, X. Y. (2001). Psychological distress of type 2 diabetics. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science, 10, 552-553. (In Chinese)
29.
Wang, W. J., Shi, L. Y., & Wang, K. A. (2001). Quality of life of patients with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 26-29. (In Chinese)
30.
Ware, Jr., J. E., Snow, K. K., Kosinski, M., & Gandek, B. (1993). SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Boston: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center.
31.
World Health Organization. (2005). Diabetes program: Facts & figures. Retrieved December 12, 2005, from http://www.who.int/diabetes/facts/en/
32.
Xue, R. L., Duan, W. F., Shi, Y. Z., & Lou, B. Y. (2001). Emotional disorders among type 2 diabetes. Zhe Jiang Clinical Medicine, 3, 2270-2271. (In Chinese)
33.
Yang, J. X. (2003). Behavioral medicine and holistic rehabilitation of cancer. Chinese Behavioral Medicine Science, 12, 121-122. (In Chinese)
34.
Yang, C. F. (1991). On Chinese “selfhood”: Theoretical and methodological issues. In C. F. Yang & S. R. Kao (Eds.), Chinese people, Chinese mind: Personality and society (pp. 93-146). Taipei: Yuan-Liu Publication Limited.
35.
Zhang, R. G., Sun, B., Wu, H. P., Huang, S., Zhao, W. H., Yu, B., et al. (2002). A study on quality of life of type 2 diabetics. Shanghai Medicine, 25, 715-716. (In Chinese)
