Many simulations are undertaken in hopes of forming or changing the beliefs and policies of policy makers. A simulation used for this purpose becomes a rhetorical device, a tool of social influence. The authors review some of the important principles of attitude change incorporated in modern rhetoric and show how they might be employed to increase the influence of simulations in policy-making processes.
Anderson, J., Patton, C., & Lienesch, W. (1975). Simulation in planning urban social policy. Simulation, 25(1), 17-21.
2.
Barnes, J., Kalaitzandonakes, N., & Crowe, T. (2005). Using simulation for economic policy analysis in the global agricultural supply chain. In Proceedings of the 37th conference on winter simulation (pp. 2034-2041). Orlando, FL: Association for Computing Machinery.
3.
Bem, D.J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183-200.
4.
Caliper Corp. (2008). TransModeller . Retrieved August 15, 2008, from http://www.caliper.com/transmodeler/default.htm
5.
Campbell, G. (1776). The philosophy of rhetoric. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/Ulman1/Campbell/
6.
Carbone, M. (1994). The history and development of business communication principles: 1776-1916. Journal of Business Communication, 31(3), 173-193.
7.
Cialdini, R. (1993). Influence: The psychology of persuasion. New York: Quill.
8.
Duke, R., & Geurts, J. (2004). Policy games for strategic management. Amsterdam: Dutch University Press.
9.
Edmonds, B. (2008). Centre for Policy Modelling. Retrieved August 10, 2008, from http://cfpm.org/
10.
Feldbaum, E., Buckley, J., & Levitt, M. (1976). Students and simulation: A study of effects of simulation in state and local government courses. Simulation & Gaming, 7, 153-176.
11.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
12.
Geva-May, I. (Ed.). (2005). Thinking like a policy analyst: Policy analysis as a clinical profession. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
13.
Gilbert, N., & Troitzsch, K. (2005). Simulation for the social scientist (2nd ed.). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.
14.
GoldSim Technology Group. (2008). GoldSim Monte Carlo simulation software. Retrieved August 15, 2008, from http://www.goldsim.com/
15.
Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation level theory. New York: Harper & Row.
16.
Hemmasi, M., & Graf, L. (1992). Managerial skills acquisition: A case for using business policy simulations. Simulation & Gaming, 23, 298-310.
17.
Huhn, W.R. (2008). The five types of legal arguments (2nd ed.). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
18.
Janis, I. (1972). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
19.
Joldersma, C., & Geurts, J. (1998). Simulation gaming for policy development and organizational change. Simulation & Gaming, 29, 391-399.
20.
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. , & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
21.
Lindstrom, M. (2005). Brand sense: Build powerful brands through touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound. New York: Free Press.
22.
Mayer, I., & Wenzler, I. (2005). Guest editorial: Simulation and utilities deregulation . Simulation & Gaming, 36, 28-29.
23.
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. London: Routledge.
24.
Mehrabian, A. (1970). Tactics of social influence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
25.
Merton, R. (1936). The unanticipated consequences of purposive social action. American Sociological Review, 1(6), 894-204.
26.
Moazzam Ishaque, M., & Noland, R. (2007). Trade-offs between vehicular and pedestrian traffic using micro-simulation methods. Transport Policy, 14, 124-138.
27.
National Geographic. (2008). What is global warming? Retrieved July 12, 2008, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/environment/global-warming/gw-overview.html
28.
Orrell, D. (2007). Apollo's arrow: The science of prediction and the future of everything. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: HarperCollins.
29.
Quanjel, M., Willems, A., & Talen, A. (1998). CRISISLAB: Evaluation and improvement of crisis management through simulation/gaming. Simulation & Gaming , 29, 450-455.
30.
Remi. (n.d.). Policy insight. Retrieved August 15, 2008, from http://www.remi.com/
31.
Rosenstock, L., & Jackson-Lee, L. (2002). Attacks on science: The risks to evidence-based policy. American Journal of Public Health, 92(1), 14-18.
32.
Schramm, W., & Roberts, D. (Eds.). (1971). The process and effects of mass communication. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
33.
Simon, H. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69, 99-118.
34.
Simpson, C. (1994). Science of coercion: Communication research and psychological warfare 1945-1960. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
35.
Skinner, B.F. (1972). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Vintage.
36.
Sloane, T. (Ed.). (2001). The encyclopedia of rhetoric. Oxford, UK: Oxford University press.
37.
Tavakoli, M. (2008). The nature, function, and social context of advice: A cross-cultural study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
38.
Thaler, R., & Sunstein, C. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness. New York: Caravan Books.
39.
Thorngate, W. (1980). Efficient decision heuristics. Behavioral Science, 25, 219-225.
40.
Thorngate, W. (2000). Teaching social simulation with Matlab. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 3(1). Retrieved July 27, 2008, from http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/3/1/forum/1.html
41.
Thorngate, W., & Tavakoli, M. (2005). In the long run: Biological versus economic rationality . Simulation & Gaming, 36, 9-26.
42.
Tsuchiya, S., & Tsuchiya, T. (2000). A review of policy exercise interactive learning environments. Simulation & Gaming, 31, 509-526.
43.
Twitchell, J. (2004). Branded nation: The marketing of Megachurch, College Inc, and Museumworld. New York: Simon & Schuster.
44.
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. (2008). What is climate change? Retrieved July 12, 2008, from http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/climatechange/multimedia.jsp
45.
Walzer, A. (2003). George Campbell: Rhetoric in the age of enlightenment . Buffalo: State University of New York Press.
46.
Zajonc, R. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences . American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
