The study involved the use of two different methods of measuring emergent leadership: self-reference and other reference. The use of both self-perceived and other-perceived leadership measures introduced a convergent validation model into the research design. Results indicated that the two measures are significantly related and have similar construct validities. When using both self-report and other-report data, the correlates and patterns of prediction hold up for both types of data. It can be concluded that the predictors of emergent leadership are similar under a variety of leadership measurement strategies. However, the criterion measures, self-perceived leadership and other-perceived leadership, may represent variations of emergent leadership, and both may be needed to understand more fully the leadership emergence phenomenon.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aries, E. (1976). Interaction pattems and themes of male, female, and mixed groups. Small Group Behavior, 7, 7-18.
2.
Baird, J. E., Jr. (1977). Some nonverbal elements of leadership emergence. Southern Speech Communication Journal, 42, 352-361.
3.
Bales, R. F. (1951). Interaction process analysis: A method for the study of small groups. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4.
Bass, B. M. (1949). An analysis of the leaderless group discussion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 33, 527-533.
5.
Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill's handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
6.
Bostrom, R. N. (1970). Patterns of communicative interaction in small groups. Speech Monographs, 37, 257-263.
7.
Campbell, D. T. , & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
8.
Cattell, R. B. (1965). The scientific analysis ofpersonality. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books.
9.
Cavanaugh, M. S. (1979). A formulative investigation ofpower orientations and preliminary validation of relationships between power orientation and communicative behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, CO.
10.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
11.
Cronbach, L. J. (1984). Essentials of psychological testing. New York: Harper & Row.
12.
Cronbach, L. J. , Glesser, G. C., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N. (1972). The dependability of behavioral measurement: Theory of generalizability for scores and profiles. New York: Wiley.
13.
Dawes, R. M. , Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1989). Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science, 243, 1668-1674.
14.
Dobbins, G. H. , Long, W. S., Dedrick, E. J., & Clemons, T. C. (1990). The role of self-monitoring and gender on leader emergence: A laboratory and field study. Journal of Management, 16, 609-618.
15.
Drecksel, G. L. (1985, May). Interaction characteristics of emergent leadership. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Honolulu, HI.
16.
Ellis, R. J. , Adamson, R. S., Deszca, G., & Cawsey, T. F. (1988). Self-monitoring and leadership emergence. Small Group Behavior, 19, 312-324.
17.
Eskilson, A. (1974). Sex composition and leadership in small groups. Dissertation Abstracts International, 35, 5694-5694.
18.
Eskilson, A. , & Wiley, M. G. (1976). Sex composition and leadership in small groups. Sociometry, 39, 183-194.
19.
Fisher, B. A. (1980). Small group decision making (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
20.
French, J. R. , & Raven, B. (1968). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.), Group dynamics: Research and theory. New York: Harper & Row.
21.
Goldberg, A. A. , Cavanaugh, M. S., & Larson, C. E. (1983). The meaning of power.Journal of Applied Communication Research, 11, 89-108.
22.
Hackman, J. R. (1968). Effects of task characteristics on group products. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 162-187.
23.
Hersey, P. , & Blanchard, K. (1977). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
24.
Kent, R. L. , & Moss, S. E. (1990). Self-monitoring as a predictor of leader emergence. Psychological Reports, 66, 875-881.
25.
Larson, C. U. (1971). The verbal response of groups to the absence or presence of leadership. Speech Monographs, 38, 177-181.
26.
Lord, R. G. (1976). Group performance as a function of leadership and behavior and task structure: Toward an explanatory theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 17, 76-96.
27.
Lord, R. G. (1977). Functional leadership behavior: Measurement and relation to social power and leadership perceptions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 114-133.
28.
Lord, R. G. , & Alliger, G. M. (1985). A comparison of four information processing models of leadership and social perceptions. Human Relations, 38, 47-65.
29.
Lord, R. G. , Phillips, J. S., & Rush, M. C. (1980). Effects of sex and personality on perceptions of emergent leadership, influence, and social power. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 176-182.
30.
Morris, C. G. (1966). Task effects of group interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 545-554.
31.
Morris, C. G. , & Hackman, J. R. (1969). Behavioral correlates of perceived leadership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 350-361.
32.
Mullen, B. , Salas, E., & Driskell, J. E. (1989). Salience, motivation, and artifact as contributors to the relation between participation rate and leadership. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 545-559.
33.
Pavitt, C. , & Sackaroff, P. (1990). Implicit theories of leadership and judgments of leadership among group members. Small Group Research, 21, 374-392.
34.
Rees, C. R. , & Segal, M. W. (1984). Role differentiation in groups: The relationship between instrumental and expressive leadership. Small Group Behavior, 15, 109-123.
35.
Reynolds, P. D. (1984) Leaders never quit: Talking, silence, and influence in interpersonal groups. Small Group Behavior, 15, 404-413.
36.
Slater, P. E. (1955). Role differentiation in small groups. American Sociology Review, 20, 300-310.
37.
Spitzberg, B. H. (1986a). A critical review of communicative competence measures: L Self-reference instruments. Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association convention, Chicago.
38.
Spitzberg, B. H. (1986b). A critical review of communicative competence measures: II. Other-referenced instruments. Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association convention, Chicago.
39.
Wanberg, K. W. (1987). Dimensions of talk: A multiple-construct view of human communication. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, CO.
40.
Wanberg, K. W. , & Goldberg, A. A. (1990, November). Self-perceived dimensions of interpersonal talk Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association convention, Chicago.
41.
Wanberg, K. W., & Goldberg, A. A. (1991). Differential assessment of self-perceived interpersonal talk: The scales of the TalkAssessment Survey. Unpublished manuscript.
42.
Wentworth, D. K. , & Anderson, L. R. (1984). Emergent leadership as a function of sex and task type. Sex Roles, 516, 513-524.
