Drama, as well as training or therapy, may be employed as a useful research and practice paradigm in working with small groups. In this context, groups may represent a form of "collective art" in Fromm's sense, and stages or forms of idiosyncratic group processes may parallel the unfolding of dramatic perfor mances. The implications of this view for group development as a whole, and for member and leader participation, are explored.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, J., J. Hayes, and B. Hopson [eds.] (1976) Transition: Understanding and Managing Personal Change. London: Martin Robertson.
2.
Back, K. (1972) Beyond Words. New York: Russell Sage.
3.
Beck, A. (1974) "Phases in the development of structure in therapy and encounter groups," pp. 421-463 in D. Wexler and L. Rice (eds.) Innovation in Client-Centered Therapy. New York: Wiley.
4.
Bednar, R. and T. Kaul (1979) "Experiential group research: what never happened ." J. of Applied Behavioral Sci.15: 311-319.
5.
Bion, W. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London : Travistock.
6.
Blumberg, A. and R. Golombiewski (1976) Learning and Change in Groups . New York: Viking.
7.
Blumensteil, A. (1970) "An ethos of mtimacy: constructing and using a situational morality,"pp. 437-465 in J. Douglas (ed.) Deviance and Responsibility. New York: Basic Books.
8.
Braaten, L. (1974/1975) "Developmental phases of encounter and related intensive groups." Interpersonal Development5: 112-129.
9.
Brockett, O. (1969) The Theatre: An Introduction. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
10.
Caple, R. (1978) "The sequential stages of group development." Small Group Behavior9: 470-476.
11.
Cooper, C. and N. Levine (1978) "Implicit values in experiential learning groups: their functional and dysfunctional consequences," pp. 1-27 in C. Cooper and C. Alderfer (eds.) Advances in Expenential Social Processes, Vol. 1. London: Wiley.
12.
Dunphy, D. (1968) "Phases, roles and myths in self-analytic groups ." J. of Applied Behavioral Sc.4: 195-225.
13.
Esslin, M. (1976) An Anatomy of Drama. London : Maurice Temple Smith.
14.
Fromm, E. (1956) The Sane Society. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
15.
Hesse, M. (1966) Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame, IN: Univ. of Notre Dame Press.
16.
Hill, W. (1975) "Further considerations of therapeutic mechanisms in group therapy." Small Group Behavior6: 421-429.
17.
Hobbs, N. (1951) "Group-centered psychotherapy," pp. 278-319 in C. Rogers (ed.) Client-Centered Therapy. London: Constable.
18.
Lieberman, M., I. Yalom, and M. Miles (1973) Encounter Groups: First Facts. New York: Basic Books.
19.
Lundren, D. and D. Knight (1978) "Sequential stages of development in sensitivity training groups." J. of Applied Behavioral Sci.14: 204-222.
20.
Mann, R. (1966) "The identity of the group researcher," in G. Gibbard, J. J. Hartman, and R. D. Mann (eds.) Analysis of Groups. New York: Basic Books.
21.
McCardel J. and J. Murray (1974) "Non-specific factors in weekend encounter groups ." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology42: 337-345.
22.
McLeish J. and J. Park (1973) "Outcomes associated with direct and vicarious experience in training groups: III intended learning outcomes." British J. of Social and Clinical Psychology12: 359-373.
23.
Oatley, K. (1980) "Theories of personal learning in groups," pp. 85-105 in P. Smith (ed.) Small Groups and Personal Change. London: Methuen .
24.
Pedder, J. (1979) "Transitional space in psychotherapy and theatre ." British J. of Medical Psychology52: 377-384.
25.
Rogers, C. (1969) Encounter Groups. New York: Viking.
26.
Scheff, T. (1979) Catharsis in Healing, Ritual, and Drama. Santa Barbara: Univ. of California Press .
27.
Shepard, H. (1970) "Personal growth laboratories: toward an alternative cluture." J. of Applied Behavioral Sci.6: 259-266.
28.
Slater, P. (1955) "Role differentiation in small groups." Amer. Socio. Rev.20: 300-310.
29.
Smith, P. (1975) "Controlled studies of the outcome of sensitivity training." Psycho. Bull.82: 597-622.
30.
Steiner, L. (1974) Scripts People Live. New York : Grove.
31.
Thomas, H. (1969) "Encounter—the game of no game," in A. Burton (ed.) Encounter: The Theory and Practice of Encounter Groups. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
32.
Tuckman, B. (1965) "Developmental sequences in small groups." Psycho. Bull.63: 384-399.
33.
——— and M. Jensen (1977) "Stages of small-group development revisited." Group and Organization Studies2: 419-427.
34.
Turbayne, C. (1970) The Myth of Metaphor. Columbia : Univ. of South Carolina Press.
35.
Turner, R. (1972) "Some formal properties of therapy talk," in D. Sudnow (ed.) Studies in Interaction . New York: Free Press.
36.
Ward, J. (1974) "The T-group: absurdity and the consequences." Encounter62, 3: 30-40.
