A Review of Research On Leaderless Groups

Astrachan, B. , M. Harrow , R. Becker , A. Schwartz , and J. Miller (1967) "The unled patient groups as a therapeutic tool ." Int. J. of Group Psychotherapy 17: 178-191.

Becker, J. (1970) "The effects of instructional audio-tape in self-directed encounter groups." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada.

Becker, R. , M. Harrow , B. Astrachan , T. Detre , and J. Miller (1968) "Influence of the leader on the activity level of therapy groups." J. of Social Psychology 74: 39-51.

Berzon, B. and L. Solomon (1966) "The self-directed therapeutic group: three studies ." J. of Counseling Psychology 11: 491-497.

--- and J. Reisel (1972) "Audio-tape programs for self-directed groups," pp. 211-223 in L. Solomon and B. Berzon (eds.) New Perspectives on Encounter Groups. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Bollet, R. (1971) "The effect of leader presence on change in a personal growth group." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ball State University.

Campbell, J. and M. Dunnette (1968) "Effectiveness of t-group experiences in managerial training and development." Psych. Bull. 79: 73-104.

Donner, K. and B. Guerney (1969) "Automated group desentization for test anxiety ." Behav. Research and Therapy 7: 1-13.

Ermalinski, R. (1971) "The training importance of relevance in self-directed groups of psychiatric patients." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Houston.

Farson, R.E. (1972) "Self-directed groups and community mental health ," pp. 224-232 in L. N. Solomon and B. Berzon (eds.) New Perspectives on Encounter Groups. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Fiske, D. and P. Pearson (1970) "Theory and technique of personality development ." Annual Rev. of Psych. 21: 49-86.

Harrow, M. , B. Astrachan , R. Becker , J. Miller , and A. Schwartz (1967) "Influence of the psychotherapist on the emotional climate in group therapy." Human Relations 20: 49-64.

Holland, J. and B. Skinner (1961) The Analysis of Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Holmes, J. and E. Cureton (1970) "Group therapy interaction with and without the leader." J. of Social Psychology 81: 127-130.

Hurst, J. , U. Delworth , and R. Garriott (1973) "Encountertapes: evaluation of a leaderless group procedure." Small Group Behavior 4: 476-485.

Johnson, D. , P. Hanson , P. Rothaus , R. Morton , F. Lyle , and R. Moyer (1965) "Follow-up evaluation of human relations training for psychiatric patients," pp. 152-168 in E. Schein and W. Bennis (eds.) Personal and Organizational Change through Group Methods. New York: John Wiley.

Katzman, L. (1972) "Differential effects of leader versus leaderless groups." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.

Kerlinger, F. (1972) Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Leiterman, P. (1970) "Attitudinal and behavioral changes in self-directed and leader-directed personal growth groups." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky.

Lieberman, M. , I. Yalom , and M.B. Miles (1973) Encounter Groups First Facts. New York: Basic Books.

Mandel, R. (1971) "A comparison of short-term leaderless guidance groups and counselor-led groups with hospitalized physically disabled veterans ." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia .

Robineault, T. and M. Weisinger (1973) "Leaderless groups: a tape cassette technique for vocational education." Rehabilitation Lit. 34: 80-84.

Rothaus, P. , R. Morton , D. Johnson , S. Cleveland , and F. Lyle (1963) "Human relations training for psychiatric patients ." Archives of General Psychiatry 8: 572-581.

Rubenstein, G. (1970) "The impact of a leaderless group experience with elementary school teachers on class climate." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester.

Salzberg, H. (1967) "Verbal behavior in group psychotherapy with and without a therapist." J. of Counseling Psychology 14: 24-27.

Seligman, M. and R. Desmond (1973) "Leaderless groups: a review." Counseling Psychologist 4: 70-87.

Seligman, M. and D. Sterne (1969) "Verbal behavior in therapist-led, leaderless, and alternating group psychotherapy sessions." J. of Counseling Psychology 16: 32-328.

Simmons, R. (1971) "Intensity as a variable in programmed group interaction: the marathon." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Utah.

Solomon, L. and B. Berzon (1970) "The self-directed group: a new direction in personal growth learning," pp. 314-347 in T. Tomlinson and T. Hart (eds.) New Directions in Client-Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

--- [eds.] (1972) New perspectives on Encounter Groups. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Sterne, D. and M. Seligman (1971) "Further comparisons of verbal behavior in therapist-led, leaderless, and alternating group psychotherapy sessions." J. of Counseling Psychology 18: 472-477.

Taylor, M. (1972) "The effects of an audio-directed group on college undergraduates." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University.

Truax, C. , and D. Wargo (1969) "Effects of vicarious therapy pretraining and alternate sessions on outcome in group psychotherapy with outpatients." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 33: 440-447.

--- and N. Volksdorf (1970) "Antecedents to outcome in group counseling with institutionalized delinquents: effects of therapeutic conditions, patient self-exploration, alternate sessions, and vicarious theiapy pretraining." J. of Abnormal Psychology 76: 235-242.

Truax, C. , D. Wargo , R. Carkhuff , F. Kodman , and E. Moles (1966) "Changes in self-concept during group psychotherapy as a function of alternate sessions and vicarious therapy pretraining in institutionalized mental patients and juvenile delinquents." J. of Consulting Psychology 30: 309-314.

Vail, J. (1970) "The effects of Encountertapes for personal growth on certain specific aspects of the intellectual, behavioral and self-concept development of culturally disadvantaged negro girls." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia.

Vicino, F. , J. Krusell , E. Deci , and D. Landy (1973) "The impact of process: self administered exercises for personal and interpersonal development." J. of Applied Behav. Sci. 9: 737-755.