One strategy to deal with unwanted vibrations of lightweight structures is to actively control systems using integrated actuators, such as piezoceramic multilayer actuators. In the presented research work, selective laser melting is used to manufacture active struts by integrating multilayer actuator into a metallic, monolithic housing. Besides the fulfilment of manufacturing constraints (e.g. low volume and individualization), a major objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of selective laser melting for application tailored smart components. A truss structure is used as demonstration platform. Based on experimentally validated numerical models of the truss structure, a beneficial position of the active strut and the mode to be damped are determined. A model of the multilayer actuator and corresponding housing allows the dimensioning of the housing stiffness to maximize the electromechanical coupling. Thus, an efficient resistive resonant shunted system can be achieved. Numerically designed active struts with specific stiffnesses are manufactured and experimentally characterized. Measurements with connected RL-shunts using the active struts are performed and compared to the original system. Results indicate an efficient damping of the desired mode by means of application tailored active struts. The presented procedure allows rapid design of versatile actuator housings for an optimized electromechanical coupling.
BehrensSFlemingAJMoheimaniSOR (2003) A broadband controller for shunt piezoelectric damping of structural vibration. Smart Materials and Structures12(1): 18–28.
2.
CampbellIBourellDGibsonI (2012) Additive manufacturing: rapid prototyping comes of age. Rapid Prototyping Journal18(4): 255–258.
3.
CasadeiFRuzzeneMDozioL. (2010) Broadband vibration control through periodic arrays of resonant shunts: experimental investigation on plates. Smart Materials and Structures19(1): 015002.
4.
ChlebusEKuźnickaBKurzynowskiT. (2011) Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Ti—6Al—7Nb alloy produced by selective laser melting. Materials Characterization62(5): 488–495.
5.
CohenKWellerT (1994) Passive damping augmentation for vibration suppression in flexible latticed beam-like space structures. Journal of Sound and Vibration175(3): 333–346.
6.
CrawleyEFDe LuisJ (1987) Use of piezoelectric actuators as elements of intelligent structures. AIAA Journal25(10): 1373–1385.
EwinsDJ (2000) Modal Testing: Theory, Practice, and Application. Baldock; Philadelphia, PA: Research Studies Press.
9.
FlaschenträgerDThielJRauschJ. (2010) Implementation and characterisation of the dynamic behaviour of a three-dimensional truss structure for evaluating smart devices. In: ISMA 2010, 24th international conference on noise and vibration engineering, Leuven, 20–22 September.
10.
ForwardRL (1979a) Electromechanical transducer-coupled mechanical structure with negative capacitance compensation circuit. Patent 4,158,787, USA.
11.
ForwardRL (1979b) Electronic damping of vibrations in optical structures. Applied Optics18(5): 690–697.
12.
GibsonIRosenDWStuckerB (2010) Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing. New York: Springer.
13.
GrzesiakABeckerRVerlA (2011) The bionic handling assistant: a success story of additive manufacturing. Assembly Automation31(4): 329–333.
14.
GuDDMeinersWWissenbachK. (2012) Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms. International Materials Reviews57(3): 133–164.
15.
HagoodNWCrawleyEF (1991) Experimental investigation into passive damping enhancement for space structures. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics14(6): 1100–1109.
16.
HagoodNWFlotowAV (1991) Damping of structural vibrations with piezoelectric materials and passive electrical networks. Journal of Sound and Vibration146(2): 243–268.
17.
HollkampJJStarchvilleTF (1994) A self-tuning piezoelectric vibration absorber. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures5(4): 559–566.
18.
HuangSHLiuPMokasdarA. (2013) Additive manufacturing and its societal impact: a literature review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology67(5–8): 1191–1203.
19.
JuangJ (1984) Optimal design of a passive vibration absorber for a truss beam. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics7(6): 733–739.
20.
LallartMHarariSPetitL. (2009) Blind switch damping (BSD): a self-adaptive semi-active damping technique. Journal of Sound and Vibration328(1–2): 29–41.
21.
LiX (2001) Embedded sensors in layered manufacturing. Ph.D. Thesis, Dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
22.
LiXPrinzF (2004) Analytical and experimental study on noncontact sensing with embedded fiber-optic sensors in rotating metal parts. Journal of Lightwave Technology22(7): 1720–1727.
23.
MatunagaSYuYOhkamiY (1997) Vibration suppression using acceleration feedback control with multiple proof-mass actuators. AIAA Journal35(5): 856–862.
24.
MayerDMelzTPilleC. (2008) CASTTRONICS – direct integration of piezo ceramic materials in high pressure die casting parts for vibration control. In: ACTUATOR 2008, 11th international conference on new actuators, Bremen, 9–11 June.
25.
MorrisDNobleR (2014) CubeSat advanced technology propulsion system concept. In: Proceedings of the AIAA/USU conference on small satellites, Logan, UT, 2–7 August, paper no. SSC14-X-3.
26.
PetrovicVJuanVHGJordá FerrandoO. (2011) Additive layered manufacturing: sectors of industrial application shown through case studies. International Journal of Production Research49(4): 1061–1079.
27.
PopraweR (2005) Lasertechnik für die Fertigung: Grundlagen, Perspektiven und Beispiele für den innovativen Ingenieur. Berlin: Springer.
28.
PreumontADe MarneffeBDeraemaekerA. (2008) The damping of a truss structure with a piezoelectric transducer. Computers & Structures86(3–5): 227–239.
29.
SchubertAWittstockVKoriathH. (2014) Smart metal sheets by direct functional integration of piezoceramic fibers in microformed structures. Microsystem Technologies20(6): 1131–1140.
30.
SchützeRGoettingHBreitbachE. (1998) Lightweight engine mounting based on adaptive CFRP struts for active vibration suppression. Aerospace Science and Technology2(6): 381–390.
31.
SehrtJT (2010) Möglichkeiten und Grenzen bei der generativen Herstellung metallischer Bauteile durch das Strahlschmelzverfahren. Ph.D. Thesis, Dissertation, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen.
StrantzaMDe BaereDRomboutsM. (2014) 3D printing for intelligent metallic structures. In: EWSHM – 7th European workshop on structural health monitoring (ed Le CamVMevelLSchoefsF), Nantes, 8–11July, pp. 2251–2257.
34.
TangJWangKW (2001) Active-passive hybrid piezoelectric networks for vibration control: comparisons and improvement. Smart Materials and Structures10(4): 794–806.
35.
TolosaIGarciandíaFZubiriF. (2010) Study of mechanical properties of AISI 316 stainless steel processed by ‘selective laser melting’, following different manufacturing strategies. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology51(5–8): 639–647.
36.
ZhaiYLadosDALaGoyJL (2014) Additive manufacturing: making imagination the major limitation. Journal of the Minerals Metals & Materials Society66(5): 808–816.
37.
ZhangDQCaiQZLiuJH. (2010) A powder shrinkage model for describing real layer thickness during selective laser melting process. Advanced Materials Research97–101: 3820–3823.
38.
ZimmMSpencerF (2013) General Electric Industry Research Monitor: Additive Manufacturing. General Electric Corporation.
