Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

This article presents a smart device for active cancellation of flow instabilities. An array of two piezo unimorph actuators fabricated in piezo-polymer-composite technology is combined with a thin silicone membrane to mimic a movable wall with a closed surface. By locally displacing the thin membrane, a surface wave is generated that interferes with naturally occurring flow instabilities within the boundary layer of an airfoil. Using flow sensors and an intelligent control enables a destructive interference and therefore, an attenuation of natural flow instabilities. This leads to a delay of transition. The boundary layer remains laminar which means drag is reduced. Within the next pages, the setup of the device with actuators, membrane, sensors, and control is introduced. The main focus of this article is on actuator design, modeling, and implementation for wind tunnel experiments. Results of actuator characterization are presented. The non-linear behavior of the piezoactuator (harmonic distortions and impact of high electric fields) is investigated in detail. This study concludes with the results obtained in wind tunnel experiments which prove the functionality of the presented approach. A maximal attenuation of natural occurring flow instabilities of 80% is achieved.

Keywords

actuator piezoelectric polymers unimorph harmonic distortions active transition control TS waves non-linear piezoeffects electrostriction elastostriction.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Berger, T.W. , Kim, J. , Lee, C. and Lim, J. 2000. ‘‘Turbulent Boundary Layer Control Utilizing the Lorentz Force,’’ Physics of Fluids, 12:632-649.

Dogan, A. , Fernandez, J.F. , Uchino, K. and Newnham, R.E. 1996. ‘‘The ‘‘Cymbal’’ Electromechanical Actuator,’’ In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, 18-21 August, Vol. 1, IEEE Press, East Brunswick, pp. 213-216.

Grundmann, S. and Tropea, C. 2008. ‘‘Active Cancellation of Artificially Introduced Tollmien-Schlichting Waves Using Plasma Actuators,’’ Experimental Fluids, 44:795-806.

Haller, D. , Hempel, J. , Pätzold, A. , Losse, N. , Peltzer, I. , Nitsche, W. , King, R. and Woias, P. 2009. ‘‘A Piezo Actuated Closed Loop MEMS System for Active Delay of Transition,’’ In: Digest Tech . Papers Transducers’09 Conference, 21-25 June, Denver, pp. 1533-1536.

Just, E. , Bingger, P. and Woias, P. 2004. ‘‘Piezo-Polymer-Composite Actuators - A New Chance for Applications,’’ In: Digest Tech. Papers Actuator 04, 14-16 June, Bremen , pp. 521-524.

Joshi, S.P. 1992. ‘‘Nonlinear Constitutive Relations for Piezoceramic Materials,’’ Smart Materials and Structures, 1:80-83.

Kachanov, Y.S. 1994. ‘‘Physical Mechanism of Laminar-Boundary-Layer Transition,’’ Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics , 26:411-482.

King, R. , Aleksic, K. , Gelbert, G. , Losse, N. , Muminovic, R. , Brunn, A. , Nitsche, W. , Bothien, M.R. , Moeck, J.P. , Paschereit, C.O. , Noack, B.R. , Rist, U. and Zengl, M. 2008. ‘‘Model Predictive Flow Control,’’ In: Invited Paper for 4th Flow Control Conference 2008, 23-25 June, Seattle, pp. 1-19.

Laadhari, F. , Skandaji, L. and Morel, R. 1994. ‘‘Turbulence Reduction in a Boundary Layer by a Local Spanwise Oscillating Surface,’’ Physics of Fluids, 6:3218-3220.

10.

Lee, C. and Kim, J. 2002. ‘‘Control of the Viscous Sublayer for Drag Reduction,’’ Physics of Fluids, 14:2523-2529.

11.

Maurizi, M.J. , Rosii, R.E. and Reyes, J.A. 1976. ‘‘Vibration Frequencies for a Uniform Beam With One End Spring-Hinged and Subjected to a Translational Restraint at the Other End,’’ Journal of Sound and Vibration, 48:565-568.

12.

Peltzer, I. , Paetzold, A. and Nitsche, W. 2009. ‘‘In-flight Experiments for Delaying Laminar-Turbulent Transition on a Laminar Wing Glove,’’ Proceedings of IMechE, Part G, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 223:619-626.

13.

Reddy, J.N. 2004. Mechanics of Laminated Plates and Shells: Theory and Analysis , 2nd edn, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

14.

Royston, T.J. and Houston, B.H. 1998. ‘‘Modeling and Measurement of Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior in Piezoelectric Ceramics with Application to 1-3 Composites, ’’ Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 104:2814-2827.

15.

Snyder, S. 2002. Active Noise Control Primer, Springer Verlag, New York, Berlin.

16.

Sturzebecher, D. , Anders, S. and Nitsche, W. 2001. ‘‘The Surface Hot Wire as a Means of Measuring Mean and Fluctuating Wall Shear Stress,’’ Experiments in Fluids, 31:294-301.

17.

Sturzebecher, D. and Nitsche, W. 2003. ‘‘Active Cancellation of Tollmien-Schlichting Instabilities on a Wing Using Multichannel Sensor-Actuator Systems, ’’ International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 24:572-583.

18.

Thomas, A.S.W. 1983. ‘‘The Control of Boundary Layer Transition Using a Wave Superposition Principle,’’ Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 137:233-250.

19.

Uchino, K. , Rajapurkar, A. , Zhuang, Y. , Ural, S. and Park, S. 2008. ‘‘High Power Piezoelectric Components,’’ In: Digest Tech. Papers Actuator 08, 9-11 June, Bremen, pp. 52-55.

20.

Wang, Q. , Zang, Q. , Xu, B. , Liu, R. and Cross, E. 1999. ‘‘Nonlinear Piezoelectric Behavior of Ceramic Bending Mode Actuators Under Strong Electric Fields,’’ Journal of Applied Physics, 86:3352-3360.

21.

Wischke, M. , Haller, D. , Goldschmidtboeing, F. and Woias, P. 2010. ‘‘Assessing the Elastostriction and Electrostriction Parameters of Bulk PZT Ceramics,’’ Smart Materials and Structures, 19:085003.

22.

Yao, L.Q. , Zhang, J.G. , Lu, L. and Lai, M.O. 2004a. ‘‘Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Under Strong Applied Electric Field,’’ Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 13:645-652.

23.

Yao, L.Q. , Zhang, J.G. , Lu, L. and Lai, M.O. 2004b. ‘‘Nonlinear Static Characteristics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Under Strong Applied Electric Field,’’ Sensors and Actuators A, 115:168-175.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.08 MB

Piezo-Polymer-Composite Unimorph Actuators for Active Cancellation of Flow Instabilities Across Airfoils

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material