The ethnonursing study’s purpose was to explore the subculture of homeless adults residing in one shelter, with discovery of their meanings and experiences of care, or lack of care. Leininger’s theory of culture care was used to identify, analyze, and discuss the cultural care patterns. The findings included themes that were identified in two categories: two themes before shelter residence (no caring practices in their lives) and two themes during shelter residence (acceptance and hope). Ethnonursing discovery contributes to nurses’ knowledge about who the homeless people are and why they are homeless and develops culturally congruent care practices.
Brickner, P., Scharer, L., Conanan, B., Savarese, M., & Scanlan, B. (1990). Under the safety net: The health and social welfare of the homeless in the United States. New York: Norton.
2.
Center for the Study of Policy Attitudes. (1994). Fighting poverty in America: A study of American public attitudes [Survey]. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Policy Attitudes.
3.
Daly, G. (1996). Homeless. New York: Routledge.
4.
Evans, M. E., Mejia-Maya, L. J., Zayas, L. H., Boothroyd, R. A., & Rodriguez, O. (2001). Conducting research in culturally diverse inner-city neighborhoods: Some lessons learned. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 12(1), 6-13.
5.
International Union of Gospel Rescue Missions. (1998). 1995 snapshot survey of the homeless. Kansas City, MO: International Union of Gospel Missions.
6.
Leininger, M. M. (1981). Caring: An essential human need. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
7.
Leininger, M. M. (1985). Qualitative research methods in nursing. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton.
8.
Leininger, M. M. (1988). Care discovery and uses in clinical and community nursing. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
9.
Leininger, M. M. (1990a). Ethical and moral dimensions of care. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
10.
Leininger, M. M. (1990b). Ethnomethods: The philosophic and epistemic bases to explicate transcultural nursing knowledge. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 1(2), 40-51.
11.
Leininger, M. M. (1991). Cultural care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. New York: National League for Nursing Press.
12.
Leininger, M. M. (1995). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
13.
Leininger, M. M., & McFarland, M. R. (2002). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
14.
Lincoln, S. Y., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalist inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
15.
National Coalition for the Homeless. (1992). A place called hopelessness:Shelter demand in the 90s. Washington, DC: Author.
16.
National Coalition for the Homeless. (1999a). How many people experience homelessness? (Fact Sheet No. 2). Retrieved November 30, 2002, from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/numbers.html
17.
National Coalition for the Homeless. (1999b). The McKinney act (Fact Sheet No. 18). Retrieved November 30, 2002, from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/mckinneyfacts.html
18.
National Coalition for the Homeless. (1999c). Why are people homeless? (Fact Sheet No. 1). Retrieved November 30, 2002, from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/causes.html
19.
National Law Center for Homelessness and Poverty. (2002). Homeless overview document. Retrieved March 18, 2003, from http://www.nlchp.org/FA_HAPIA
20.
Nebraska Department of Economic Development & Department of Social Services. (1995). A study of homeless and near homeless in Nebraska. Lincoln, NE: Hanna: Keelan.
21.
Plowden, K. O., & Wenger, A. F. Z. (2001). Stranger to friend enabler: Creating a community of caring in African American research using ethnonursing methods. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 12(1), 34-39.
22.
Urban Institute. (2000). A new look at homelessness in America. Retrieved May 8, 2003, from http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=900302
23.
U.S. Conference of Mayors. (1998). A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities: 1998. Retrieved May 8, 2003, from http://usmayors.org/uscm/homeless/hhsummary.html
24.
U.S. Conference of Mayors. (2003). A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities: 2003. Retrieved July 11, 2004, from http://usmayors.org/uscmnews/press_releases/documents/hunger_121803.asp
25.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2001). A report to congress: HUD’s strategy for homeless data collection, analysis, and reporting. Retrieved July 11, 2004, from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/hmisreport.pdf
26.
White, N., Peters, D., Hummel, F., & Martin, J. H. (2002). Culture care of the homeless in the western United States. In M. Leininger & M. R. McFarland (Eds.), Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
