Return Migrant Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda

Abstract

Why do migrants return home and start businesses? Research on this multistage phenomenon—that is, return followed by entrepreneurship—is fragmented, reflecting different scholarly approaches and reasons migrants return and start businesses (or not). We systematically review 80 papers addressing aspects of returnee entrepreneurship and organize findings into a two-stage process model grounded in three levels of analysis—institutional, social, and individual. Our model contributes by providing a parsimonious way to understand returnee entrepreneurship and describe what has been learned. We also contribute a research agenda to help entrepreneurship scholars leverage what is known about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial processes to address critical unanswered questions.

Keywords

returnee entrepreneur entrepreneurship migrant immigrant review

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abd Hamid

Pidduck

R. J.

Newman

Ayob

A. H.

Sidek

. (2023). Intercultural resource arbitrageurs: A review and extension of the literature on transnational entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 165, 114007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114007

*Abodohoui

Fahinde

Mayuto

(2020). Moderating effects of networks on the relationship between acculturation and entrepreneurial skills development: Evidence from Africans trained in China. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 20(3), 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595820970577

*Ado

(2023). Internationalization of Guanxi from China to Africa. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(11), 5238–5256. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-01-2021-0025

*Åkesson

(2016). Multi-sited accumulation of capital: Cape Verdean returnees and small-scale business. Global Networks a Journal of Transnational Affairs, 16(1), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12100

*Ali

Akhtar

Ali

(2023). Return migration and re-integration challenges in high mountain regions in Pakistan. GeoJournal, 88(5), 5247–5258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-023-10919-1

Aliaga-Isla

Rialp

(2013). Systematic review of immigrant entrepreneurship literature: Previous findings and ways forward. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(9–10), 819–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.845694

*Armanios

D. E.

Eesley

C. E.

Eisenhardt

K. M.

(2017). How entrepreneurs leverage institutional intermediaries in emerging economies to acquire public resources. Strategic Management Journal, 38(7), 1373–1390. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2575

Arnholtz

Leschke

(2023). Revisiting the EU’s new mobility regime: The impact of mobility and policies on labor market hierarchies within and across the EU. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(16), 4071–4091. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207329

Aronson

R. L.

(2019). Self employment: A labor market perspective. Cornell University Press.

10.

Baker

Nelson

R. E.

(2005). Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 329–366. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.329

11.

*Banta

Pratt

(2021). Surplused in Dubai: Filipino professionals as surplus entrepreneurs. Geoforum, 126, 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.05.022

12.

*Bao

Pang

Zeng

(2022). Entrepreneurial effect of rural return migrants: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1078199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1078199

13.

*Batista

McIndoe-Calder

Vicente

P. C.

(2017). Return migration, self-selection and entrepreneurship. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 79(5), 797–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12176

14.

Becker

G. S.

(1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (1st ed.). Columbia Press.

15.

*Bensassi

Jabbour

(2022). Beyond experience and capital. Is there a return to return migration? Journal of Development Studies, 58(4), 730–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1988076

16.

Berry

J. W.

(2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013

17.

*Black

Castaldo

(2009). Return migration and entrepreneurship in Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire: The role of capital transfers. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 100(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2009.00504.x

18.

*Bolzani

(2023). Assisted to leave and become entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial investment by assisted returnee migrants. Academy of Management Discoveries, 9(2), 261–279. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2020.0179

19.

*Bossavie

Görlach

J.-S.

Özden

Ç.

Wang

(2024). Capital markets, temporary migration and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development, 176, 106505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106505

20.

Bourdieu

(1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812507

21.

*Bulla

F. J. M.

Hormiga

(2011). Highly-skilled Colombian immigrants in Spain: Do they have to return home to start up in business? Education and Training, 53(5), 448–461. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147749

22.

Burt

(1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Harvard University Press.

23.

Burt

(1997). A note on social capital and network content. Social networks, 19(4), 355–373.

24.

Busenitz

L. W.

Plummer

L. A.

Klotz

A. C.

Shahzad

Rhoads

(2014). Entrepreneurship research (1985–2009) and the emergence of opportunities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12120

25.

Butticè

Useche

(2022). Crowdfunding to overcome the immigrant entrepreneurs’ liability of outsidership: The role of internal social capital. Small Business Economics, 59, 1519–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00591-5

26.

Cassarino

J.-P.

(2004). Theorizing return migration: The conceptual approach to return migrants revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), 6(2), 253–279.

27.

*Croitoru

(2020). Great expectations: A regional study of entrepreneurship among Romanian return migrants. Sage Open, 10(2), 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020921149

28.

*Czaika

Varela

M. V.

(2015). Labor market activity, occupational change and length of stay in gulf. Migration Studies, 3(3), 315–342. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnu048

29.

Dabić

Vlačić

Paul

Dana

L.-P.

Sahasranamam

Glinka

(2020). Immigrant entrepreneurship: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 113, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.013

30.

*Dahles

(2013). Cambodian returnees’ entrepreneurial ventures the opportunities and constraints of mixed embeddedness. Journal of Enterprising Communities-People and Places of Global Economy, 7(4), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1108/jec-03-2013-0009

31.

Dao

T. H.

Docquier

Maurel

Schaus

(2021). Global migration in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: The unstoppable force of demography. Review of World Economics, 157(2), 417–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-020-00402-1

32.

Demerouti

Bakker

A. B.

Nachreiner

Schaufeli

W. B.

(2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499

33.

*Demurger

(2011). Return migrants: The rise of new entrepreneurs in rural China. World Development, 39(10), 1847–1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.027

34.

DeTienne

D. R.

Chandler

G. N.

(2007). The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00178.x

35.

Dheer

R. J. S.

(2018). Entrepreneurship by immigrants: A review of existing literature and directions for future research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 14(3), 555–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0506-7

36.

Duan

Kotey

Sandhu

(2021). A systematic literature review of determinants of immigrant entrepreneurship motivations. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 35(4), 599–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.1997490

37.

*Duan

Yin

(2020). Should I stay or should I go? Job demands’ push and entrepreneurial resources’ pull in Chinese migrant workers’ return-home entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 32(5–6), 429–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640455

38.

*Dustmann

Kirchkamp

(2002). The optimal migration duration and activity choice after re-migration. Journal of Development Economics, 67(2), 351–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3878(01)00193-6

39.

*Elo

(2019). Immigrant effect and collective entrepreneurship—the creation and development of a Turkish entrepreneurial group. Historical Social Research-Historische Sozialforschung, 44(4), 129–161. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.44.2019.4.129-161

40.

*Farooq

Arif

G. M.

(2023). The facts of return migration in the wake of COVID-19: A policy framework for reintegration of Pakistani workers. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(20), 5190–5218. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268976

41.

*Gruenhagen

J. H.

(2019). Returnee entrepreneurs and the institutional environment: Case study insights from China. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 14(1), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJoEM-11-2017-0504

42.

*Gruenhagen

J. H.

(2021). Returnee entrepreneurship: How home-country institutions, estrangement and support influence entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(5), 945–966. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-05-2020-0143

43.

*Haarman

Langevang

(2021). Capitalizing on translocal affiliations: Configuring capital in returnee entrepreneurship. Global Networks-a Journal of Transnational Affairs, 21(4), 703–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12303

44.

*Hagan

J. M.

Wassink

(2016). New skills, new jobs: Return migration, skill transfers, and business formation in Mexico. Social Problems, 63(4), 513–533. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spw021

45.

Hagan

J. M.

Wassink

J. T.

(2020). Return migration around the world: An integrated agenda for future research. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 533–552. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-120319-015855

46.

*Halilovich

Efendic

(2021). From refugees to trans-local entrepreneurs: Crossing the borders between formal institutions and informal practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(1), 663–680. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey066

47.

Harris

J. R.

Todaro

M. P.

(1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. The American Economic Review, 60(1), 126–142.

48.

Hernandez

(2014). Finding a home away from home: Effects of immigrants on firms’ foreign location choice and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 59(1), 73–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839214523428

49.

Hiebl

M. R. W.

(2021). Sample selection in systematic literature reviews of management research. Organizational Research Methods, 26(2), 229–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428120986851

50.

*Huang

Sun

(2024). Has the integrated medical insurance system promoted return-to-hometown entrepreneurship among migrant workers? Evidence from China. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1323359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1323359

51.

Irastorza

Peña

(2014). Immigrant entrepreneurship: Does the liability of foreignness matter? Business and Management Research, 3(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v3n1p1

52.

Kostova

(1999). Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.2307/259084

53.

Kraus

Breier

Dasí-Rodríguez

(2020). The art of crafting a systematic literature review in entrepreneurship research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(3), 1023–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00635-4

54.

*Kureková

L. M.

Žilinčíková

(2023). Examining labor market hierarchies in Slovakia from the perspective of intra-EU migration and return. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(16), 4140–4168. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207338

55.

*Kveder

C. L. M.

Flahaux

M. L.

(2013). Returning to Dakar: A mixed methods analysis of the role of migration experience for occupational status. World Development, 45, 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.009

56.

Leatherbee

Katila

(2020). The lean startup method: Early-stage teams and hypothesis-based probing of business ideas. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(4), 570–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1373

57.

*Li

H. Y.

(2020). Role of overseas ethnic and non-ethnic ties and firm activity in the home country in the internationalization of returnee entrepreneurial firms. Journal of International Management, 26(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2019.100706

58.

*Li

Song

(2024). Downward geographical mobility and upward social mobility: Women’s return migration and entrepreneurship in China’s small cities and remote counties. American Behavioral Scientist, 0(0), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642241242745

59.

*Lin

Zheng

Liu

Wright

(2019). Forgotten or not? Home country embeddedness and returnee entrepreneurship. Journal of World Business, 54(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2018.08.003

60.

*Lin

Brown

K. B.

Hall

B. J.

Yang

J. Q.

Wang

Schrock

J. M.

Bodomo

A. B.

Yang

Nehl

E. J.

Tucker

J. D.

Wong

F. Y.

(2016). Overcoming barriers to health-care access: A qualitative study among African migrants in Guangzhou, China. Global Public Health, 11(9), 1135–1147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1076019

61.

*Lu

Zhou

Liu

(2023). Improving the entrepreneurial ability of rural migrant workers returning home in China: Study based on 5,675 questionnaires. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 150. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01663-5

62.

*Ma

H. Y.

Zhang

Y. C.

Butler

Guo

P. Y.

Bozward

(2022). Entrepreneurial performance of new-generation rural migrant entrepreneurs in China. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(2), 412–440. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2020-0456

63.

*Ma

(2001). Urban labor-force experience as a determinant of rural occupation change: Evidence from recent urban-rural return migration in China. Environment and Planning a-Economy and Space, 33(2), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3386

64.

*Ma

(2002). Social-capital mobilization and income returns to entrepreneurship: The case of return migration in rural China. Environment and Planning a-Economy and Space, 34(10), 1763–1784. https://doi.org/10.1068/a34193

65.

*Marchetta

(2012). Return migration and the survival of entrepreneurial activities in Egypt. World Development, 40(10), 1999–2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.009

66.

Massey

D. S.

Espinosa

K. E.

(1997). What’s driving Mexico-U.S. migration? A theoretical, empirical, and policy analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 102(4), 939–999.

67.

*Mayer

S. D.

Harima

Freiling

(2015). Network benefits for Ghanaian diaspora and returnee entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(3), 95–121. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030306

68.

McAuliffe

Oucho

L. A.

(2024). Report overview: Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world, but key challenges remain. World Migration Report, 2024(1), e00033. https://doi.org/10.1002/wom3.33

69.

Mohamed

M.-A.

Abdul-Talib

A.-N.

(2020). Push–pull factors influencing international return migration intentions: A systematic literature review. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 14(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-01-2020-0004

70.

Morgan

H. M.

Sui

Baum

(2018). Are SMEs with immigrant owners exceptional exporters? Journal of Business Venturing, 33(3), 241–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.12.003

71.

*Mreji

Barnard

(2021). The micro-foundations of the returnee liability: The interpersonal challenges of returnee entrepreneurs in Kenya. Journal of International Management, 27(2), 100846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100846

72.

North

D. C.

(1986). The new institutional economics. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 142(1), 230–237.

73.

*Opiniano

Ang

(2023). Should I stay or should I go? Analyzing returnee overseas Filipino workers’ reintegration measures given the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(20), 5281–5304. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268992

74.

*Pauli

Osowska

(2019). Building entrepreneurial potential abroad—exploring return migrant experience. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(5), 936–954. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2018-0098

75.

*Piracha

Vadean

(2010). Return migration and occupational choice: Evidence from Albania. World Development, 38(8), 1141–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.12.015

76.

*Pruthi

(2014). Social ties and venture creation by returnee entrepreneurs. International Business Review, 23(6), 1139–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.03.012

77.

Puffer

S. M.

McCarthy

D. J.

Boisot

(2010). Entrepreneurship in Russia and China: The impact of formal institutional voids. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(3), 441–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00353.x

78.

*Qin

Estrin

(2015). Does social influence span time and space? Evidence from Indian returnee entrepreneurs. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(3), 226–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1202

79.

*Qin

Wright

Gao

(2017). Are “sea turtles” slower? Returnee entrepreneurs, venture resources and speed of entrepreneurial entry. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(6), 694–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.08.003

80.

*Reichert

(1993). Labor migration and rural-development in Egypt—A study of return migration in 6 villages. Sociologia Ruralis, 33(1), 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1993.tb00946.x

81.

*Ren

Wang

(2025). Impact of comparative advantages in origin and destination cities on return migrant workers’ entrepreneurship: An induced network analysis. Cities, 156, 105525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105525

82.

*Sabar

Pagis

(2015). Enhancing the spirit of entrepreneurship: African labor migrants returning from Israel. Migration Studies, 3(2), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnu045

83.

*Saha

Dutta

Rezvi

M. R.

Sifat

R. I.

Sultana

Hasan

(2023). Adapting to change: Exploring reverse migration as a coping strategy among internal migrants in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 9(9), e19479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19479

84.

Sarasvathy

S. D.

(2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.2307/259121

85.

Savazzi

Solano

Xhani

(2020). Financial inclusion of migrant entrepreneurs: Barriers, challenges and support measures. In Report on immigration and entrepreneurship 2019–2020 (pp. 290–299). IDOS.

86.

*Sawai

Bose

(2024). Indonesian domestic workers: Hong Kong migrants’ activism, value creation, and post-migration entrepreneurship. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2415403

87.

Saxenian

(2000). Silicon Valley’s new immigrant entrepreneurs. Public Policy Inst of California.

88.

*Schafer

Henn

(2018). The evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems and the critical role of migrants. A phase-model based on a study of it startups in the greater Tel Aviv area. Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society, 11(2), 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsy013

89.

Sédès

C. J.

Miedtank

Oliver

(2023). Suddenly I felt like a migrant: Identity and mobility threats facing European self-initiated expatriates in the United Kingdom under Brexit. Academy of Management Discoveries, 9(2), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2020.0162

90.

*Setrana

M. B.

Tonah

(2016). Do transnational links matter after return? Labor market participation among Ghanaian return migrants. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(4), 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1126255

91.

Shane

Nicolaou

(2015). Creative personality, opportunity recognition and the tendency to start businesses: A study of their genetic predispositions. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(3), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.04.001

92.

Shane

Venkataraman

(2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.2307/259271

93.

*Shen

Wang

Huang

(2023). Effects of organizational factors on identification of young returnees from urban areas with rural societies—a perspective of adaptability. Social Indicators Research, 167(1), 363–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03092-y

94.

*Shen

Wang

(2024). Can migrant workers returning home for entrepreneurship increase agricultural labor productivity: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Agriculture, 14(6), 905.

95.

Silver

(1994). Social exclusion and social solidarity: Three paradigms. International Labor Review, 133, 531.

96.

Sinkovics

Reuber

A. R.

(2021). Beyond disciplinary silos: A systematic analysis of the migrant entrepreneurship literature. Journal of World Business, 56(4), 101223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2021.101223

97.

Stam

van de Ven

(2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystem elements. Small Business Economics, 56(2), 809–832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00270-6

98.

Tajfel

(1974). Social identity and intergroup behavior. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204

99.

*Thomas

K. J. A.

Inkpen

(2013). Migration dynamics, entrepreneurship, and African development: Lessons from Malawi. International Migration Review, 47(4), 844–873. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12052

100.

*Tran

Truong

A. T. T.

(2022). Knowledge recontextualization by returnee entrepreneurs: The dynamic learning perspective. Journal of International Management, 28(3), 100922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100922

101.

Vandor

Franke

(2016). See Paris and … Found a business? The impact of cross-cultural experience on opportunity recognition capabilities. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(4), 388–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.03.003

102.

*Vlase

Croitoru

(2019). Nesting self-employment in education, work and family trajectories of Romanian migrant returnees. Current Sociology, 67(5), 778–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392119842205

103.

*von Reichert

Cromartie

J. B.

Arthun

R. O

. (2014). Impacts of return migration on rural us communities. Rural Sociology, 79(2), 200–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12024

104.

Vroom

V. H.

(1964). Work and motivation. Wiley.

105.

Wahba

(2015). Selection, selection, selection: The impact of return migration. Journal of Population Economics, 28(3), 535–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-015-0541-4

106.

*Wahba

Zenou

(2012). Out of sight, out of mind: Migration, entrepreneurship and social capital. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(5), 890–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.04.007

107.

*Wang

D. J.

(2020). When do return migrants become entrepreneurs? The role of global social networks and institutional distance. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(2), 125–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1352

108.

*Wang

Jiang

Geng

Liao

(2022). Determinants of returnees’ entrepreneurship in rural marginal China. Journal of Rural Studies, 94, 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.07.014

109.

*Wang

Z. C.

Yang

W. G.

(2013). Self-employment or wage-employment? On the occupational choice of return migration in rural China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 5(2), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1108/17561371311331115

110.

*Wassink

(2020). International migration experience and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Mexico. World Development, 136, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105077

111.

*Wassink

J. T.

Hagan

J. M.

(2018). A dynamic model of self-employment and socioeconomic mobility among return migrants: The case of urban Mexico. Social Forces, 96(3), 1069–1096. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox095

112.

*Williams

Plakoyiannaki

Krasniqi

(2022). When forced migrants go home: The journey of returnee entrepreneurs in the post-conflict economies of Bosnia & Herzegovina and Kosovo. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 47(2), 430–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221082678

113.

*Wu

Neilson

Connell

(2023). Remittances and social capital: Livelihood strategies of Timorese workers participating in the Australian seasonal worker program. Third World Quarterly, 44(1), 96–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2131519

114.

*Wu

Geng

Wang

Scott

Liao

Zeng

Deng

(2022). Reverse entrepreneurship and integration in poor areas of China: Case studies of tourism entrepreneurship in Ganzi Tibetan region of Sichuan. Journal of Rural Studies, 96, 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.11.012

115.

*Wu

Zhao

Wang

Chen

Hung

T.-K.

Wang

Lee

S.-C.

(2023). The impact of entrepreneurial resilience on the entrepreneurial intention of return migrants: An empirical study based on survey data from multiple provinces in China. Sage Open, 13(2), 21582440231182654. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231182654

116.

*Wu

Chen

Cai

(2023). Return migration, rural household investment decision, and poverty alleviation: Evidence from rural Guangdong, China. Growth and Change, 54(1), 304–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12656

117.

Y.-L.

(1983). Chinese entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia. The American Economic Review, 73(2), 112–117.

118.

*Xi

Zhang

Zhao

(2024). Does migration work experience promote return home for entrepreneurship? The mediation of cognitive ability and the moderation of risk preference. Journal Knowledge Economy, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-01970-5

119.

*Xia

Xiong

Zhang

Cornford

Liu

Lim

M. K.

Cao

Chen

(2020). Reducing the resource acquisition costs for returnee entrepreneurs: Role of Chinese national science parks. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(7), 1627–1657. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2019-0202

120.

*Xue

Kong

Chen

Wang

Shen

Zhuang

(2023). How does internet use promote returned migrant workers’ entrepreneurship: Evidence from rural China. Sustainability, 15(13), 10351.

121.

*Yin

Huang

Dong

Zhao

Tan

(2021). Dual-level impact of regional context and individual attributes on entrepreneurship among return migrants in China. Growth and Change, 52(2), 1099–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12480

122.

*Yu

Liu

(2024). Return-migrant urbanization in inland China: The case of Hubei province. Land, 13(2), 190.

123.

*Zhao

Marjerison

R. K.

Peng

(2024). The impact and effectiveness of China’s entrepreneurship policy for back-home migrant workers. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 623. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03130-1

124.

*Zhou

Zhang

Korkmaz

A. G.

Ding

Yue

(2024). Mirroring the urban exodus: The impact of return migration on rural entrepreneurship. Finance Research Letters, 66, 105619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105619

125.

*Zhu

Chen

Zhang

Liu

(2023). What drives migrants back to set up firms? Return-home entrepreneurial intention of rural migrant workers in China. Chinese Geographical Science, 33(2), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-023-1336-2

126.

*Zhu

Wang

W. W.

Lin

L. Y.

Shen

J. F.

Ren

(2021). Return migration and in situ urbanization of migrant sending areas: Insights from a survey of seven provinces in China. Cities, 115, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103242

127.

*Zweig

Tsai

K. S.

Singh

A. D.

(2021). Reverse entrepreneurial migration in China and India: The role of the state. World Development, 138, 105192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105192

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.15 MB