To consider the possibility that adverse aspects of psychiatric hospitalisation may precipitate suicide contributing significantly to the increased rate of suicide among inpatients, given little has been published about this.
Results and Conclusions:
It is likely that psychiatric hospitalisation itself contributes to some inpatient suicides. This has significant implications for the delivery of inpatient psychiatric care.
MadsenTAgerboEMortensenPB. Predictors of psychiatric inpatient suicide: a national prospective register-based study. J Clin Psychiatry2012; 73: 144–151.
2.
KapurNHuntIMWebbR. Suicide in psychiatric in-patients in England, 1997 to 2003. Psychol Med2006; 36: 1485–1492.
3.
GaleSWMesnikoffAFineJ. A study of suicide in state mental hospitals in New York City. Psychiatr Q1980; 52: 201–213.
4.
WolfersdorfMKellerFSchmidt-MichelPO. Are hospital suicides on the increase? A survey of reports on hospital suicides in the psychiatric literature of the 19th and 20th century. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol1988; 23: 207–216.
5.
KrupinskiMFischerAGrohmannR. Risk factors for suicides of inpatients with depressive psychoses. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci1998; 248: 141–147.
6.
KrupinskiMFischerAGrohmannR. Schizophrenic psychoses and suicide in the clinic. Risk factors, psychopharmacologic treatment. Nervenarzt2000; 71: 906–911.
7.
DongJYHoTPKanCK. A case-control study of 92 cases of in-patient suicides.J Affect Disord2005; 87: 91–99.
8.
NeunerTSchmidRWolfersdorfM. Predicting inpatient suicides and suicide attempts by using clinical routine data?Gen Hosp Psychiatry2008; 30: 324–330.
NarrowWERegierDARaeDS. Use of services by persons with mental and addictive disorders. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Arch Gen Psychiaty1993; 50: 95–107.
DickeyBAzeniH. Persons with dual diagnoses of substance abuse and major mental illness: their excess costs of psychiatric care. Am J Public Health1996; 86: 973–977.
13.
KammerlingRMO’ConnorS. Unemployment rate as predictor of rate of psychiatric admission. BMJ1993; 307: 1536.
14.
WalshEMoranPScottC. Prevalence of violent victimisation in severe mental illness. Br J Psychiat2003; 183: 233–238.
15.
RüschNAngermeyerMCCorriganPW. Mental illness stigma: concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. Eur Psychiatry2005; 20: 529–539.
16.
MgutshiniT. Risk factors for psychiatric re-hospitalization: an exploration. Int J Ment Health Nurs2010; 19: 257–267.
17.
MiretMNuevoRMorantC. The role of suicide risk in the decision for psychiatric hospitalization after a suicide attempt. Crisis2011; 32: 65–73.
18.
BowersLWhittingtonRNolanP. Relationship between service ecology, special observation and self-harm during acute in-patient care: City-128 study. Br J Psychiat2008; 193: 395–401.
19.
GordonA. A treatise on the epidemic of puerperal fever of Aberdeen. London: GG & J Robinson, 1795.
20.
DunnPM. Dr Alexander Gordon (1752–99) and contagious puerperal fever. Arch Dis Child Fetal and Neonatal Ed1998; 78: F232–F233.
21.
ReunesSRombautVVogelaersD. Risk factors and mortality for nosocomial bloodstream infections in elderly patients. Eur J Intern Med2011; 22: e39–e44.
22.
AlnaibMAl SamaraeeABhattacharyaV. The WHO surgical safety checklist. J Perioper Pract2012; 22: 289–292.
23.
ManiasE. Detection of medication-related problems in hospital practice: a review. Br J Clin Pharmacol2013; 76: 7–20.
24.
WoolleyLFEichertAH. Notes on the problems of suicide and escape. Am J Psychiatry1941; 98: 110–118.
SvindsethMFDahlAAHatlingT. Patients’ experience of humiliation in the admission process to acute psychiatric wards. Nord J Psychiatry2007; 61: 47–53.
27.
MosesT. Stigma apprehension among adolescents discharged from brief psychiatric hospitalization. J Nerv Ment Dis2011; 199: 778–789.
28.
SheehanKABurnsT. Perceived coercion and the therapeutic relationship: a neglected association?Psychiatr Serv2011; 62: 471–476.
29.
JohanssonIMSkärsäterIDanielsonE. The meaning of care on a locked acute psychiatric ward: patients’ experiences. Nord J Psychiatry2009; 63: 501–507.
30.
CornaggiaCMBeghiMPavoneF. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res2011; 189: 10–20.
31.
SolimanAERezaH. Risk factors and correlates of violence among acutely ill adult psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatr Serv2001; 52: 75–80.
32.
ThibeaultCATrudeauKd’EntremontM. Understanding the milieu experiences of patients on an acute inpatient psychiatric unit. Arch Psychiatr Nurs2010; 24: 216–226.
33.
LovellK. User satisfaction with in-patient mental health services. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs1995; 2: 143–150.
34.
MannJJWaternauxCHaasGL. Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry1999; 156: 181–189.
35.
HallRCPlattDEHallRC. Suicide risk assessment: a review of risk factors for suicide in 100 patients who made severe suicide attempts. Evaluation of suicide risk in a time of managed care. Psychosomatics1999; 40: 18–27.
36.
LargeMSmithGSharmaS. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical factors associated with the suicide of psychiatric in-patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand2011; 124: 18–29.
37.
WattsBVYoung-XuYMillsPD. Examination of the effectiveness of the mental health environment of care checklist in reducingsuicide on inpatient mental health units. Arch Gen Psychiat2012; 69: 588–592.
38.
MillsPDWattsVMillerS. A checklist to identify inpatient suicide hazards in veterans affairs hospitals. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf2010; 36: 87–93.
39.
Care Quality Commission. Monitoring of the Mental Health Act in 2010/2011. London: Care Quality Commission, 2013.
40.
FriisS. Measurements of the perceived ward milieu: a reevaluation of the Ward Atmosphere Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand1986; 73: 589–599.
41.
MannaM. Effectiveness of formal observation in inpatient psychiatry in preventing adverse outcomes: the state of the science. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs2010; 17: 268–273.
42.
HummelvollJKSeverinssonEI. Imperative ideals and the strenous reality: focusing on acute psychiatry. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs2001; 8:17–24.
43.
AdamsB. Locked doors or sentinel nurses?Psychiatr Bull R Coll Psychiatr2000; 24: 327–328.
44.
LargeMRyanCNielssenO. The validity and utility of risk assessment for inpatient suicide. Australas Psychiatry2011; 19: 507–512.
45.
LinsleyPMannionR. Risky behaviour and patient safety: a critical culturist perspective. J Health Organ Manag2009; 23: 494–504.
46.
WaleJBBelkinGSMoonR. Reducing the use of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric emergency and adult inpatient services – improving patient-centered care. Perm J2011; 15: 57–62.
47.
The Schizophrenia Commission. The abandoned illness. London: Rethink Mental Illness, 2012.
48.
KmietowiczZ. Care of people with schizophrenia suffers as too much money is spent on secure units. BMJ2012; 345: e7712.
