Despite travel restrictions, U.S. colleges invest in students’ global learning, to prepare graduates to thrive in today's interdependent society and world. This multi-method longitudinal study applies a constructive developmental and intersectional lens to examine the impact of travel and non-travel based global learning on intercultural competence and change in social diversity, also assessing the pathways that connect these variables. Our pilot findings suggest a greater contribution of on-campus global learning to development of intercultural competence compared to travel-based experiences, such as study abroad. Furthermore, on-campus global learning also contributes significantly to increases in the diversity of students’ peer relationships, and that diversity then connects to intercultural competence. Somewhat surprisingly, these patterns remain consistent for those with historically dominant and marginalized identities.
AbeH.WisemanR. L. (1983). A cross-cultural confirmation of the dimensions of intercultural effectiveness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 7(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(83)90005-6
2.
ArnettJ. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
AstinA. W. (1993). Diversity and multiculturalism on the campus: How are students affected?. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 25(2), 44–49. 10.1080/00091383.1993.9940617
5.
Authors (2017). Exploring cultural identity, personality, and social exposure correlates to college women’s intercultural competence. SAGE Open, 7(2), 1–13. 10.1177/2158244017710493
6.
BarmeyerC.BauschM.MayrhoferU. (2021). Constructive intercultural management: Integrating cultural differences successfully. Edward Elgar Publishing.
BraskampL. A. (2011). Fostering global perspective taking at American colleges and universities. Journal of College and Character, 12(1), 1–5. 10.2202/1940-1639.1768
9.
BraskampL. A.BraskampD. C.EngbergM. E. (2014). Global perspective inventory (GPI): Its purpose construction, potential uses, and psychometric characteristics. Global Perspective Institute, Inc.
10.
BurkardA. W.KnoxS. (2004). Effect of therapist color-blindness on empathy and attributions in cross-cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.387
11.
ChaeD.KimJ.KimS.LeeJ.ParkS. (2020). Effectiveness of cultural competence educational interventions on health professionals and patient outcomes: A systematic review. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 17(3), 1–16. 10.1111/jjns.12326
CrenshawK. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–168. 10.4324/9780429500480-5
14.
CrenshawK. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
15.
DeardorffD. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306287002
16.
EvansN. J.ForneyD. S.GuidoF. M.PattonL. D.RennK. A. (2010). Development of self-authorship. In Chapter in student development in college, theory, research, and practice (pp. 176–193). Jossey-Bass: A Wiley Imprint.
17.
GauleeU. (2018). Headbump or headway?: American students’ engagement with their international peers on campus. In Global perspectives on international student experiences in higher education (pp. 192–209). Routledge.
18.
GibsonA. M.CapdevilleE. (2019). Digital identities and study abroad: Teaching intercultural competence through social media literacy. Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective, 14(1), 3. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol14/iss1/1
19.
Gregersen-HermansJ. (2017). Intercultural competence development in higher education. In Intercultural competence in higher education (pp. 67–82). Routledge.
20.
GurinP.DeyE.HurtadoS.GurinG. (2002). Diversity and higher education: Theory and impact on educational outcomes. Harvard Educational Review, 72(3), 330–367. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.72.3.01151786u134n051
21.
HuS.KuhG. D. (2003). Diversity experiences and college student learning and personal development. Journal of College Student Development, 44(3), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2003.0026
22.
JonesE.KillickD. (2013). Graduate attributes and the internationalized curriculum: Embedding a global outlook in disciplinary learning outcomes. Journal of Studies in International Education, 17(2), 165–182. 10.1177/1028315312473655
23.
KeithT. Z. (1993). Causal influences on school learning. In WalbergH. J. (Ed.), Analytic methods for educational productivity (pp. 21–47). JAI Press.
24.
KitsantasA. (2004). Studying abroad: The role of college students’ goals on the development of cross-cultural skills and global understanding. College Student Journal, 38(3), 441–452.
25.
KlineR. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Ed.). Guilford Press.
26.
KohlbergL. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages. Harper & Row.
27.
KuralF. (2020). Long term effects of intercultural competence development training for study-abroad adjustment and global communication. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(2), 948–958. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.759348
28.
Lantz-DeatonC. (2017). Internationalisation and the development of students’ intercultural competence. Teaching in Higher Education, 22(5), 532–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1273209
29.
Lantz-DeatonC.GolubevaI. (2020). Intercultural competence for college and university students: A global guide for employability and social change. Springer Nature.
30.
LawrenceS. M.TatumB. D. (1997). White educators as allies: Moving from awareness to action. In FineM.WeissL.PowellL.WongM. (Eds.), Off-white: Readings on society, race and culture (pp. 333–342). Routledge.
31.
LiangY.SchartnerA. (2020). Culturally mixed group work and the development of students’ intercultural competence. Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315320963507.
32.
MaharajaG. (2018). The impact of study abroad on college students’ intercultural competence and personal development. International Research and Review, 7(2), 18–41.
33.
MartinJ. L.SmithJ. (2020). Why we march! feminist activism in critical times: Lessons from the women’s march on Washington. In Women’s studies international forum (Vol. 81, p. 102375). Pergamon.
34.
MatterB. L. (2020). About black lives matter. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
MurrarS.CampbellM. R.BrauerM. (2020). Exposure to peers’ pro-diversity attitudes increases inclusion and reduces the achievement gap. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(9), 889–897. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0899-5
37.
NgangaL. (2016). Promoting intercultural competence in a globalized era: Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of practices that promote intercultural competency. Journal of International Social Studies, 6(1), 84–102.
38.
OlayinkaJ. T.GoharaM. A.RuffinQ. K. (2021). # BlackGirlMagic: Impact of the social media movement on black women’s self esteem. International Journal of Women’s Dermatology, 7(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.01.006
39.
OsséS.MassicotteS. (2021). The narrative of resilience through social media in the black community:# overcome. In Fostering resilience before, during, and after experiences of trauma (pp. 182–190). Routledge.
40.
PaigeR. M.FryG. W.StallmanE. M.JosićJ.JonJ. E. (2009). Study abroad for global engagement: The long-term impact of mobility experiences. Intercultural Education, 20(Suppl. 1), 29–44. 10.1080/14675980903370847
41.
PattersonL. M.CarrilloP. B.SalinasR. S. (2011). Lessons from a global learning virtual classroom. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(2), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/102831531139866
42.
PiagetJ.SeagrimG. N. (1969). The mechanisms of perception(G. N. Seagrim, Trans.). Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.
43.
PistorinoP. (2020). Intercultural competence for community college librarians. School of Information Student Research Journal, 10(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.31979/2575-2499.100107
44.
PuckettT. (2020). The importance of developing cultural competence. In Cultural competence in higher education (pp. 7–22). Emerald Publishing Limited.
45.
RogoffB. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. Oxford University Press.
46.
Rowan-KenyonH. T.NiehausE. K. (2011). One year later: The influence of short-term study abroad experiences on students. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 48(2), 207–222. 10.2202/1949-6605.6213
47.
SeatonE. K.ScotthamK. M.SellersR. M. (2006). The status model of racial identity development in African American adolescents: Evidence of structure, trajectories, and well-being. Child Development, 77(5), 1416–1426. 10.1111/j.1467- 8624.2006.00944.x
48.
SelmanR. L. (2003). Promoting social awareness: Powerful lessons from the partnership of developmental theory and classroom practice. Russell Sage Foundation.
49.
StebletonM. J.SoriaK. M.CherneyB. T. (2013). The high impact of education abroad: College students’ engagement in international experiences and the development of intercultural competencies. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 22(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v22i1.316
50.
SwartzS.BarbosaB.CrawfordI. (2020). Building intercultural competence through virtual team collaboration across global classrooms. Business and professional communication quarterly, 83(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329490619878834
51.
ThompsonJ. A. (2008). Transformation within College Students Participating in a Cultural Awareness Program: Perceptions of Becoming Culturally Competent [dissertation].
ZhangH.GibsonH. J. (2021). Long-term impact of study abroad on sustainability-related attitudes and behaviors. Sustainability, 13(4), 1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041953
