One of the prevalent concerns in educational leadership practices in urban schools in the United States relates to diversity issues, especially the disengagement among students of certain ethnic groups with regard to succeeding in school. In this ethnographic study, educators who once served in U.S. public schools were invited to reflect on this issue. Their perceptions as educators in K-12 American international schools were significant because their overseas experience seemed to develop new perceptions about leadership for diversity. The questions in this study included, (a) What kind of leadership for diversity is being practiced in American international schools that can inform the U.S. social and cultural educational landscape? and (b) How can educators' knowledge of teaching and leading in multicultural settings inform schools with high demographic diversity? The educators' lessons included deep concerns in relation to public schools, especially the practice of educating for assimilation instead of educating for integration.
Ancess, J. (2003). Beating the odds: High schools as communities of commitment. New York: Teachers College Press.
2.
Aunger, R. (1995). On ethnography: Storytelling or science? Current Anthropology, 36, 97-130.
3.
Bale, R.M.W. (1984). A study of the career-paths of overseas school administrators. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
4.
Banks, J.A. (1994). Educating for diversity: Transforming the mainstream curriculum. Educational Leadership, 51(8), 4-8.
5.
Benham, M., & Mann, H. (2003). Culture and language matters: Defining, implementing, and evaluating. In M. Benham & W. Stein (Eds.), The Renaissance of American Indian higher education: Capturing the dream. (pp. 167-191). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
6.
Benham, M., & Murakami-Ramalho, E. (in press). Engaging in educational leadership: Generosity of spirit. In P. Jenlink (Ed.), Democracy and education reconsidered: Critical perspectives on educational leadership for the new millennium. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Publishing.
7.
Bennett, M.J. (1986). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of inter-cultural sensitivity. In M. Paige (Ed.), Cross cultural orientation (pp. 27-69). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
8.
Bentz, C.L. (1972). The chief school administrator in selected overseas American-sponsored schools: A study in crisis management. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
9.
Bialakowsky, A.L. (2002). Marginalization and exclusion: The hemisphere's number one problem. The challenge of the social, educational and health policies. Analysis and institutional proposals. Toronto: Robarts Centre of Canadian Studies, York University. Retrieved from http://www.robarts.yorku.ca/pdf/bialakowsky.pdf
10.
Blanford, S., & Shaw, M. (2001). Managing international schools. New York: Routledge Falmer.
11.
Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction . In R. Brown (Ed.), Knowledge, education and social change (pp. 71-112). London: Tavistock.
12.
Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
13.
Cole, M., & Wertsch, J.V. (2004). Beyond the individual-social antimony in discussions of Piaget and Vygotsky (Vygotsky Project, Murray University ). Retrieved from http://www.massey.ac.nz/~alock/virtual/colevyg.htm
14.
Creswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15.
Daley, J.M., & Wong, P. (1994). Community development with emerging ethnic communities . Journal of Community Practice, 1, 9-24.
16.
Dewey, J. (1963). Experience and education. New York: MacMillan. (Original work published 1938)
17.
Dodd, A.W., & Konzal, J.L. (2002). How communities build stronger schools: Stories, strategies and promising practices for educating every child. New York: PalgraveMcMillan .
18.
Dunbar, C. (2004). Best practices in classroom management (Monograph prepared for the Lansing School District elementary teacher training sessions) . East Lansing: Michigan State University .
19.
Firestone, W., & Louis, K.S. (2000). Schools as cultures. In J. Murphy & K. S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration (2nd ed., pp. 297-322). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
20.
Flora, R.W. (1972). An investigation of innovative practices in American overseas schools. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Toledo, OH.
21.
Freire, P. (1999). Pedagogy of hope (2nd ed.). New York: Continuum.
22.
Giroux, H. (1988). Teachers as intellectuals: Toward a critical pedagogy of learning. Granby, MA: Bergin & Garvey.
23.
Giroux, H.A. (1992). Educational leadership and the crisis of democratic government. Educational Researcher, 21(4), 4-11.
24.
Giroux, H.A. (1995). National identity and the politics of multiculturalism . College Literature, 22, 41-56.
25.
Gonzales, A.C. (1987). A profile of women administrators in American-sponsored overseas schools. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.
26.
Hayden, M.C., & Thompson, J.J. (1996). Potential difference: The driving force for international education. International Schools Journal, 16, 46-57.
27.
Hayden, M., & Thompson, J. (2000). International schools and international education: Improving teaching, management, and quality. London: Kogan Page.
28.
Heritage, J.C. (1987). Ethnomethodology. In A. Giddens & J. H. Turner (Eds.), Social theory today (pp. 224-272). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
29.
International Baccalaureate Organization. ( 2004). Mission statement. Retrieved from http://www.ibo.org/ibo/
30.
Johnston, B., & Brinson, K. (2002, April). Cultural leadership in an age of accountability . Paper presented at the University Council of Educational Administration annual conference, New Orleans, LA.
31.
Kelly, P. (1997). Por un futuro alternativo. Barcelona, Spain: Paidos.
32.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2000). Racialized discourses and ethnic epistemologies . In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 257-277). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33.
Lenclud, G. (1996). The factual and the normative in ethnography: Do cultural differences derive from description? Anthropology Today, 12, 7-11.
34.
Littleford, J.C. (1999). Leadership of schools and the longevity of school heads. Retrieved from http://www.jlittleford.com/articles/longevity-heads.html
Matthews, M. (1989). The uniqueness of international education: Part II. International Schools Journal, 18, 24-34.
37.
McCaleb, S.P. (1994). Building a community of learners: A collaboration among teachers, students, families, and community. New York: St. Martin's.
38.
McKenzie, M. (1998). Going, going, gone . . . global. In M. Hayden & J. Thompson (Eds.), International education: Principles and practice (pp. 242-252). London: Kogan Page.
39.
Riehl, C. (2001). Bridges to the future: The contributions of qualitative research to the sociology of education. Sociology of Education , 74, 115-134.
40.
Riessman, C.K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
41.
Rivera, F.G., & Erlich, J.L. (1998). Community organizing in a diverse society (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
42.
Sadker, D. (2005). What is Title IX? Retrieved from http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm
43.
Tucker, M. (1998). Dr. James A. Banks on multicultural education . NEA Today. Retrieved from http://www.nea.org/neatoday/9809/banks.html
44.
U.S. Department of Education. (1997). Title IX: 25 years of progress. Retrieved from http://www.ed.gov/pubs/TitleIX/index.html
45.
U.S. Department of State. (2003). American-sponsored elementary and secondary schools overseas (Overseas Schools Advisory Council Worldwide Fact Sheet— 2003-2004). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
46.
Vest, T.J. (1971). Selected personality characteristics of successful overseas school administrators. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Miami University, Oxford, OH.
47.
Vogel, K.R. (1992). A longitudinal study of selected characteristics of chief administrative officers in American-sponsored overseas schools. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
48.
Walters, T. (1983). Management needs of administrators in American sponsored overseas schools. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of La Verne, CA.
49.
Willower, D.J. (1994). Dewey's theory of inquiry and reflective administration . Journal of Educational Administration, 32, 5-22.
