Framing masculinity in the mountains: Gender representation in the documentary films Free Solo and 14 Peaks

Abstract

Sports documentaries have become integral to sports culture and cinema internationally, with adventure sport films gaining significant acclaim in the past two decades. Iconic films like Academy Award-winning Free Solo (2018) and 14 Peaks: Nothing is Impossible (2021) have brought climbing into the global spotlight. However, representations in these films often marginalize women athletes and reinforce hegemonic masculinity. This study examines the framing of protagonists in 14 Peaks: Nothing is Impossible, and Free Solo through Entman’s framing theory, analyzing how filmmakers’ choices in selection, salience and moral evaluation influence audience perceptions. By critically exploring the intersection of gender, power dynamics, and ideologies in mountaineering narratives, this research sheds light on the mediated coverage of the sport. Findings suggest that both films rely heavily on hypermasculine tropes and individual heroism, often sidelining collaborative efforts and diverse perspectives. The study aims to inform scholars and practitioners in outdoor recreation and education about the role of media in shaping perceptions of gender and politics in mountaineering, fostering more inclusive and empowering narratives.