PAS, is an Islamist political party in Malaysia and is currently headed by Dato’ Seri Abdul Hadi Awang. PAS positions itself as a political party that aims to establish Malaysia as a country based on Islamic legal theory derived from the primary sources of Islam, the Quran, Sunnah and Hadiths.
2.
Dakwah is an activity that is calling, asking and calling people to believe and obey Allah wa ta’ala Subhaanahu accordance with aqidah line, shariah and morals of Islam. The main purpose of preaching is to bring happiness and prosperity of life in the world and the Hereafter that by God.
3.
The council became the basis for a religious bureaucracy in all the Malay states and both of these embedded the role of religion in Malay politics.
4.
Sunnah means habit or usual practice. The Muslim usage of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam.
5.
The British accorded a special status to the Malays as they were regarded as the original inhabitants. The British believed that they should offer protection to the Malays, thus supplementing the protective role of the rulers. The ’special status’ was thought to be necessary as the Chinese and Indians who were imported by the British to work in the tin industries and rubber plantations respectively, were exceptionally competitive and dynamic in work culture to the Malays. These protections took the form of protecting the Malays’ occupation of land and giving them preferences for some government employment and for acquiring various permits and licenses.
6.
Malaysia was earlier known as Malaya. The name “Malaysia” was vaguely used in the 19th century by some British colonists as an alternative name describing the Malay Archipelago. In 1963, the name was adopted by the new federation uniting the Federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore.
7.
UMNO forged a coalition with the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) to create the Alliance called ‘Barisan Nasional’ before independence.
8.
The racial factor in Malaysia meant much more than in some other countries which have a mixed population. The unique feature of the Malaysian society is that numerically the Malays and Chinese are more or less evenly balanced. Malays had not benefitted from the economic growth and overall 74 percent of the Malays were poor. The marginality of the Malays both in the economic and. educational sector combined with the income discrepancy between the Malays and the non-Malays, translated into political tension which coincided with declaration of the 1969 election results where UMNO suffered a serious blow and they lost their happy position to amend the Constitution. All these ignited smoldering ethnic tensions and erupted in the form of violent racial riots in 1969.
9.
Bumiputera or Bumiputra is a Malay term widely used in Malaysia, embracing indigenous people of the Malay Archipelago. The term comes from the Sanskrit word bhumiputra, which can be translated literally as “son of land” (bhumi= earth or land, putra=son). It is also translated as “sons of the soil“. The concept of a bumiputra ethnic group in Malaysia was coined by the foremost Malaysain Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman.
10.
See note 2.
11.
The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997, and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to contagion. The crisis started in Thailand with the financial collapse of the Thai baht caused by the decision of the Thai government to float the baht. As the crisis spread, most of Southeast Asia and Japan saw slumping currencies, devalued stock markets and other asset prices, and a precipitous rise in private debt.
12.
WatsonAndaya BarbaraLeonard YAndaya, 2001, A History of Malaysia (2nd Ed) Palgrave Publishers Ltd.Hampshire.
13.
BarrMichael D and GovindawamyAnantha Raman, ‘The Islamization of Malaysia: religious nationalism in the service of ethnonationalis’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, vo. 64, no. 3, June2010, pp. 293-311.
14.
ChongTerence, 2006, ‘The Emerging Politics of Islam Hadhari’, in Swee-Hock saw and Kesavapany, eds., Malaysia:Recent Trends and Challenges, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
15.
CrowKarim Douglas, The New Strait Times, 2008‘Civilisational Islam in Malaysia’, December24.
16.
HamidAhmad Fauzi Abdul, ‘The New Challenges of Political Islam in Malaysia’, Working Paper no. 154, June2009, Murdoch University, Perth.
HaneefMohamed Aslam, ‘Islam and Economic Development in Malaysia: A Reappraisal’, Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, 2001, pp. 269-290.
19.
HassanMuhammas Haniff Bin, ‘Explaining Islam’s Special Position and the Politic of Islam in Malaysia, The Muslim World, vol. 97, no. 2, Apr2007, pp. 287-317.
20.
LiowJoseph Chinyong, ‘The Mahathir Administration’s War Against Islamic Militancy: Operational and Ideological Challenges’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 58, no. 2, 2004, pp. 241-256.
21.
MauzyMauzy Diane K. and S.Milne R., ‘The Mahathir Administration in Malaysia: Discipline Through Islam,’Pacific Affairs, vol. 56, no. 4Winter1983, pp. 617-648.
22.
R.S.MilneK.Mauzy Diane, 1999, Malaysian Politics under Mahathir, Routledge, London and New York.
23.
MohamadMahathir Bin, 2008, The Malay Dilemma: With a New Preface, Marshall Cavendish Editions, Singapore.
24.
HussinMutalib, 1990, Islam and Ethnicity in Malay Politics, Oxford University Press, Singapore.
25.
HussinMutalib, 2008, Islam in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asia, Singapore.
26.
ChandraMuzaffar, 1987, Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia PenerbitFajar Bakt, Petaling Jaya.
27.
JudithNagata, ‘Religious Ideology and Social Change: The Islamic Revival in Malaysia,’Pacific Affairs, vol. 53, no. 3Fall1980 pp. 405-439.
28.
NairShanti, 1997, Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy, Routledge, London and New York.
29.
NasrSeyyed Vali Reza, 2001, Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the Making of State Power, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
30.
NoorElina, 2003, ‘Terrorism in Malaysia:Situation and Response’, in RohanGunaratna, ed., Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific: Threats and response, Eastern Universities Press, Singapore.
31.
JamesOsborn, ‘Economic Growth with Equity? The Experience of Malaysia’, Contemporary South East Asia, vol. 4 no. 2, Sept1982.
32.
RiddellPeter G, 2005, ‘Islamization, Civil Society, and Religios Minorities in Malaysia’, in NathanN.SKamaliMohammad Hashim, eds., Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the twenty-first Century, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
33.
SidelJohn T, 2007The Islamist Threat in Southeast Asia: A Reassessment, Political Studies37, East west Center Washington, Washington.
