The primary aim of this research article is to identify and analyse the key factors influencing the actual adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in India, with a specific focus on their role in mitigating climate change and reducing fossil fuel dependency. A systematic literature review (SLR) was mainly conducted using the antecedents–decisions–outcomes (ADO) framework. The academic literature indexed in the Scopus database served as the basis of the analysis. The review specifically focused on studies relevant to the Indian context and the evolving EV ecosystem. The review highlights several antecedent factors, including psychological factors, socio-economic conditions, infrastructural readiness, government incentives, and pricing. These particular antecedents primarily shape consumer decisions, such as attitudes towards EVs, perceived barriers, awareness levels, and the purchasing process. The resulting outcomes include purchase intention, behavioural acceptance, and the market potential of EVs in India. Despite growing environmental awareness and supportive government policies, EV adoption in India is constrained by the psychological, technical, and socio-economic challenges. These barriers must be addressed through targeted, localized policies and public awareness campaigns to accelerate adoption and also to strengthen the sustainable transportation sector. By consolidating fragmented research on EV adoption in India, this study offers a clear understanding of consumer behaviour, market barriers, and policy gaps. The insights contribute to the formulation of effective strategies for enhancing EV adoption, thereby supporting India’s broader climate and sustainability goals.
AjzenI. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
2.
AliI., & NaushadM. (2022a). Insights on electric vehicle adoption: Does attitude play a mediating role?Innovative Marketing, 18(1), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.18(1).2022.09
3.
AliI., & NaushadM. (2022b). A study to investigate what tempts consumers to adopt electric vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 13(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020026
4.
AsadiS., NilashiM., SamadS., AbdullahR., MahmoudM., AlkinaniM. H., & YadegaridehkordiE. (2021). Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 282, 124474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124474
5.
AshfaqM., ButtO., SelvarajJ., & RahimN. (2021). Assessment of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and its impact on the electric grid: A review. International Journal of Green Energy, 18(7), 657–686. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2021.1875471
6.
AungkulanonP., AtthirawongW., & LuangpaiboonP. (2023). Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process for strategic decision making in electric vehicle adoption. Sustainability, 15(8), 7003. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15087003
7.
BarthM., JugertP., & FritscheI. (2016). Still underdetected: Social norms and collective efficacy predict the acceptance of electric vehicles in Germany. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 37, 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.11.011
8.
BerneiserJ., SenkpielC., SteingrubeA., & GölzS. (2021). The role of norms and collective efficacy for the importance of techno-economic vehicle attributes in Germany. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(5), 1113–1128. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1919
9.
BhattacharyyaS. S., & ThakreS. (2020). Exploring the factors influencing electric vehicle adoption: An empirical investigation in the emerging economy context of India. Foresight – The Journal of Future Studies, Strategic Thinking and Policy, 23(3), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-04-2020-0037
10.
BhatF. A., VermaM., & VermaA. (2021). Measuring and modelling electric vehicle adoption of Indian consumers. Transportation in Developing Economies, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-021-00143-2
11.
BiswasS., BeheraS., & ChoudhuryN. B. D. (2024). A brief review on the barriers of electric vehicle adoption and present scenario in India. In GoyalS. K., PalwaliaD. K., TiwariR., & GuptaY. (Eds.), Flexible Electronics for Electric Vehicles (pp. 539–550). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4795-9_51
12.
BockarjovaM., & StegL. (2014). Can protection motivation theory predict pro-environmental behavior? Explaining the adoption of electric vehicles in the Netherlands. Global Environmental Change, 28, 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.010
13.
BroadbentG. H., DrozdzewskiD., & MetternichtG. (2018). Electric vehicle adoption: An analysis of best practice and pitfalls for policy making from experiences of Europe and the US. Geography Compass, 12(2), e12358. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12358
14.
BrückmannG., & BernauerT. (2020). What drives public support for policies to enhance electric vehicle adoption?Environmental Research Letters, 15(9), 094002. https://doi.org/10.1088/17489326/ab90a5
15.
BrückmannG., WillibaldF., & BlancoV. (2021). Battery electric vehicle adoption in regions without strong policies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 90, 102615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102615
16.
ChakrabortyA., KumarR. R., & BhaskarK. (2021). A game-theoretic approach for electric vehicle adoption and policy decisions under different market structures. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 72(3), 594–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2019.1678407
17.
ChaturvediP., KulshreshthaK., TripathiV., & AgnihotriD. (2022). Exploring consumers’ motives for electric vehicle adoption: Bridging the attitude–behavior gap. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 30(10), 4174–4192. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-10-2021-0618
18.
ChinenK., MatsumotoM., LiuC., TongP., HanY. S., & EndoH. (2023). Expanding electric vehicle adoption beyond the national border: Insights for developing marketing policies for global electric-vehicle manufacturers. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 17(4), 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2022.2045652
19.
ChonsalasinD., ChampahomT., JomnonkwaoS., Karoon-soontawongA., RunkaweeN., & RatanavarahaV. (2024). Exploring the influence of Thai government policy perceptions on electric vehicle adoption: A measurement model and empirical analysis. Smart Cities, 7(4), 2258–2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7040089
20.
ChuW., ImM., SongM. R., & ParkJ. (2019). Psychological and behavioral factors affecting electric vehicle adoption and satisfaction: A comparative study of early adopters in China and Korea. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 76, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.09.009
21.
ClintonB. C., & SteinbergD. C. (2019). Providing the spark: Impact of financial incentives on battery electric vehicle adoption. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 98, 102255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.102255
22.
DasP. K., & BhatM. Y. (2022). Global electric vehicle adoption: Implementation and policy implications for India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(27), 40612–40622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18211-w
23.
DekaC., DuttaM. K., YazdanpanahM., & KomendantovaN. (2023). Can gain motivation induce Indians to adopt electric vehicles? Application of an extended theory of planned behavior to map EV adoption intention. Energy Policy, 182, 113724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113724
24.
EgbueO., LongS., & SamaranayakeV. A. (2017). Mass deployment of sustainable transportation: Evaluation of factors that influence electric vehicle adoption. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 19(7), 1927–1939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1375-4
25.
EgnérF., & TrosvikL. (2018). Electric vehicle adoption in Sweden and the impact of local policy instruments. Energy Policy, 121, 584–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.040
26.
EmanovićM., JakaraM., & BarićD. (2022). Challenges and opportunities for future BEVs adoption in Croatia. Sustainability, 14(13), 8080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138080
27.
FeathermanM., JiaS. (Jasper), CaliffC. B., & HajliN. (2021). The impact of new technologies on consumers beliefs: Reducing the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 169, 120847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120847
28.
GoelP., KumarA., ParayitamS., & LuthraS. (2023). Understanding transport users’ preferences for adopting electric vehicle based mobility for sustainable city: A moderated moderated-mediation model. Journal of Transport Geography, 106, 103520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103520
29.
Government Policies—DHI Centre of Excellence for E-Mobility. (n.d.). Retrieved September29, 2025, from https://emobility.araiindia.com/government-policies/
30.
GuptaS., BansalR., BankotiN., KarS. K., MishraS. K., KaurP., & HarichandanS. (2024). Factors affecting consumer’s intention to use electric vehicles: Mediating role of awareness and knowledge. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2024(1), 5922430. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5922430
31.
HardmanS., ChandanA., TalG., & TurrentineT. (2017). The effectiveness of financial purchase incentives for battery electric vehicles: A review of the evidence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1100–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.255
32.
HarichandanS., & KarS. K. (2023). An empirical study on motivation to adopt hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in India: Policy implications for stakeholders. Journal of Cleaner Production, 408, 137198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137198
33.
HausteinS., & JensenA. F. (2018). Factors of electric vehicle adoption: A comparison of conventional and electric car users based on an extended theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(7), 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2017.1398790
34.
Higueras-CastilloE., GuillénA., HerreraL.-J., & Liébana-CabanillasF. (2021). Adoption of electric vehicles: Which factors are really important?International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15(10), 799–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1818330
35.
HoangT. T., PhamT. H., & VuT. M. H. (2022). Examining customer purchase decision towards battery electric vehicles in Vietnam market: A combination of self-interested and pro environmental approach. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), 2141671. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2141671
36.
HuangX., LinY., LiuF., LimM. K., & LiL. (2022). Battery recycling policies for boosting electric vehicle adoption: Evidence from a choice experimental survey. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 24(8), 2607–2620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-022-02340-y
37.
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). Global EV outlook 2023: Catching up with climate ambitions. OECD Publishing.
38.
JainN. K., BhaskarK., & JainS. (2022). What drives adoption intention of electric vehicles in India? An integrated UTAUT model with environmental concerns, perceived risk and government support. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 42, 100730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100730
39.
JaiswalD., KantR., SinghP. K., & YadavR. (2021). Investigating the role of electric vehicle knowledge in consumer adoption: Evidence from an emerging market. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 29(3), 1027–1045. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-11-2020-0579
40.
JanssonJ., NordlundA., & WestinK. (2017). Examining drivers of sustainable consumption: The influence of norms and opinion leadership on electric vehicle adoption in Sweden. Journal of Cleaner Production, 154, 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.186
41.
JennA., SpringelK., & GopalA. R. (2018). Effectiveness of electric vehicle incentives in the United States. Energy Policy, 119, 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.065
42.
JoshiY., & RahmanZ. (2015). Factors affecting green purchase behaviour and future research directions. International Strategic Management Review, 3(1), 128–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ism.2015.04.001
43.
KhuranaA., KumarV. V. R., & SidhpuriaM. (2020). A study on the adoption of electric vehicles in India: The mediating role of attitude. Vision, 24(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262919875548
44.
KimE., & HeoE. (2019). Key drivers behind the adoption of electric vehicles in Korea: An analysis of the revealed preferences. Sustainability, 11(23), 6854.https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236854
45.
KonstantinouT., & GkritzaK. (2023). Are we getting close to truck electrification? U.S. truck fleet managers’ stated intentions to electrify their fleets. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 173, 103697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103697
46.
KumarR., JhaA., DamodaranA., BangwalD., & DwivediA. (2020). Addressing the challenges to electric vehicle adoption via sharing economy: An Indian perspective. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 32(1), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ03-2020-0058
47.
KumarR. R., & AlokK. (2020). Adoption of electric vehicle: A literature review and prospects for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119911
48.
KumarR. R., ChakrabortyA., & MandalP. (2021). Promoting electric vehicle adoption: Who should invest in charging infrastructure?Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 149, 102295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102295
49.
KumarS., & NisaS. (2022). Sustainable transport utilisation: A study on factors influencing electric vehicle adoption intention. Progress in Industrial Ecology, an International Journal, 15(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1504/PIE.2022.121329
50.
LampoA., SilvaS. C., & DuarteP. (2023). The role of environmental concern and technology show-off on electric vehicles adoption: The case of Macau. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 20(2), 561–583. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-10-2021-1637
51.
LangbroekJ. H. M., FranklinJ. P., & SusiloY. O. (2016). The effect of policy incentives on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy, 94, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.050
52.
LévayP. Z., DrossinosY., & ThielC. (2017). The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: A pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership. Energy Policy, 105, 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.02.054
53.
LiG., WallsW. D., & ZhengX. (2023a). Differential license plate pricing and electric vehicle adoption in Shanghai, China. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 172, 103672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103672
54.
LiJ., ZhangA., HeH., ZhangJ., HongJ., GaoL., ZhuY., & WangQ. (2023b). The effect of environmental concerns on electric vehicles adoption behavior in dual-distribution channel under the background of platform economy. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 26(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2021.1923670
55.
LiL., GuoS., CaiH., WangJ., ZhangJ., & NiY. (2020a). Can China’s BEV market sustain without government subsidies? An explanation using cues utilization theory. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122589
56.
LiL., WangZ., ChenL., & WangZ. (2020b). Consumer preferences for battery electric vehicles: A choice experimental survey in China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 78, 102185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.014
57.
LiL., WangZ., GongY., & LiuS. (2022). Self-image motives for electric vehicle adoption: Evidence from China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 109, 103383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103383
58.
LiL., WangZ., & WangQ. (2020c). Do policy mix characteristics matter for electric vehicle adoption? A survey-based exploration. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 87, 102488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102488
59.
LiuR., DingZ., JiangX., SunJ., JiangY., & QiangW. (2020). How does experience impact the adoption willingness of battery electric vehicles? The role of psychological factors. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(20), 25230–25247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08834-w
60.
LiuR., DingZ., WangY., JiangX., JiangX., SunW., WangD., MouY., & LiuM. (2021). The relationship between symbolic meanings and adoption intention of electric vehicles in China: The moderating effects of consumer self-identity and face consciousness. Journal of Cleaner Production, 288, 125116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125116
61.
ManutworakitP., & ChoocharukulK. (2022). Factors influencing battery electric vehicle adoption in Thailand: Expanding the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology’s variables. Sustainability, 14(14), 8482. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148482
62.
MerskyA. C., SpreiF., SamarasC., & QianZ. (Sean). (2016). Effectiveness of incentives on electric vehicle adoption in Norway. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 46, 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.03.011
63.
MoherD., LiberatiA., TetzlaffJ., & AltmanD. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
64.
MpoiG., MiliotiC., & MitropoulosL. (2023). Factors and incentives that affect electric vehicle adoption in Greece. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 12(4), 1064–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2023.01.002
65.
MunshiT., DharS., & PainulyJ. (2022). Understanding barriers to electric vehicle adoption for personal mobility: A case study of middle-income in-service residents in Hyderabad city, India. Energy Policy, 167, 112956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112956
66.
NazariF., MohammadianA. (Kouros), & StephensT. (2019). Modeling electric vehicle adoption considering a latent travel pattern construct and charging infrastructure. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 72, 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.04.010
67.
NEMMP. (2020). Government policies. DHI Centre of Excellence for E-Mobility. https://emobility.araiindia.com/government-policies/
68.
NITI Aayog. (2023). Charging infrastructure master plan. Government of India.
69.
OnatN. C., KucukvarM., & TatariO. (2018). Well-to-wheel water footprints of conventional versus electric vehicles in the United States: A state-based comparative analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 204, 788–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.010
70.
PatilR., & DeshmukhA. (2024). Economic viability of electric vehicles in ride-hailing services: A Bengaluru case study. Sustainable Cities and Society, 99, 104822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104822
71.
PatyalV. S., KumarR., & KushwahS. (2021). Modeling barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles: An Indian perspective. Energy, 237, 121554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121554
72.
PaulJ., & BenitoG. R. G. (2017). A review of research on outward foreign direct investment from emerging countries, including China: What do we know, how do we know, and where should we be heading?Asia Pacific Business Review, 24(1), 90–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2017.1357316
73.
PriessnerA., SposatoR., & HamplN. (2018). Predictors of electric vehicle adoption: An analysis of potential electric vehicle drivers in Austria. Energy Policy, 122, 701–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.07.058
74.
RahmanA., SuryawanI. W. K., SuhardonoS., NguyenV. V., & LeeC. H. (2025). Determinants of electric vehicle adoption in urban and peri-urban areas. Energy for Sustainable Development, 85, Article 101664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101664
75.
Renaud-BlondeauP., BoisjolyG., DagdouguiH., & HeS. Y. (2023). Powering the transition: Public charging stations and electric vehicle adoption in Montreal, Canada. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 17(10), 1097–1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2022.2152403
76.
RezvaniZ., JanssonJ., & BodinJ. (2015). Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 34, 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2014.10.010
77.
RuosoA. C., & RibeiroJ. L. D. (2022). The influence of countries’ socioeconomic characteristics on the adoption of electric vehicle. Energy for Sustainable Development, 71, 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.10.003
78.
SahooD., HarichandanS., KarS. K., & SS. (2022). An empirical study on consumer motives and attitude towards adoption of electric vehicles in India: Policy implications for stakeholders. Energy Policy, 165, 112941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112941
79.
SalariN. (2022). Electric vehicles adoption behaviour: Synthesising the technology readiness index with environmentalism values and instrumental attributes. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 164, 60–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.07.009
80.
ShakeelU. (2022). Electric vehicle development in Pakistan: Predicting consumer purchase intention. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 5, 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2022.100065
81.
ShankarA., & KumariP. (2019). Exploring the enablers and inhibitors of electric vehicle adoption intention from sellers’ perspective in India: A view of the dual-factor model. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 24(4), e1662. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1662
82.
ShareedaA., Al-HashimiM., & HamdanA. (2021). Smart cities and electric vehicles adoptionin Bahrain. Journal of Decision Systems, 30(2–3), 321–343.https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2021.1911024
83.
SierzchulaW., BakkerS., MaatK., & van WeeB. (2014). The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy, 68, 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.043
84.
SinghD., PaulU. K., & PandeyN. (2023). Does electric vehicle adoption (EVA) contribute to clean energy? Bibliometric insights and future research agenda. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 8, 100099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2022.100099
85.
SinghV., SinghV., & VaibhavS. (2020). A review and simple meta-analysis of factors influencing adoption of electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102436
86.
SovacoolB. K., KesterJ., NoelL., & de RubensG. Z. (2018). The demographics of decarbonizing transport: The influence of gender, education, occupation, age, and household size on electric mobility preferences in the Nordic region. Global Environmental Change, 52, 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.06.008
87.
SovacoolB. K., KesterJ., NoelL., & de RubensG. Z. (2019). Income, political affiliation, urbanism and geography in stated preferences for electric vehicles (EVs) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies in Northern Europe. Journal of Transport Geography, 78, 214–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.06.006
88.
SrivastavaA., KumarR. R., ChakrabortyA., MateenA., & NarayanamurthyG. (2022). Design and selection of government policies for electric vehicles adoption: A global perspective. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 161, 102726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102726
89.
TareiP. K., ChandP., & GuptaH. (2021). Barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles: Evidence from India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, Article 125847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127264
90.
UpadhyayC. K., Mohan KrishnanS., GuptaA., & KaurS. (2025). Assessing state-wise policy frameworks for electric vehicle adoption: Transportation sector in India. 2025International conference on sustainable energy technologies and computational, intelligence (SETCOM), 1. https://doi.org/10.1109/setcom64758.2025.10932394
91.
Vafaei-ZadehA., WongT.-K., HanifahH., TeohA. P., & NawaserK. (2022). Modelling electric vehicle purchase intention among generation Y consumers in Malaysia. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 43, 100784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100784
92.
WangN., HuangY., FuY., & ChenL. (2022). Does lead userness matter for electric vehicle adoption? An integrated perspective of social capital and domain-specific innovativeness. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 21(6), 1405–1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2087
93.
WangN., TangL., & PanH. (2019). A global comparison and assessment of incentive policy on electric vehicle promotion. Sustainable Cities and Society, 44, 597–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.024
94.
WuF., LiP., LuY., & DongX. (2022). Should electric vehicle subsidies phase down? An insight from the analysis of the increasingly competitive automobile market. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1019948
95.
XiaZ., WuD., & ZhangL. (2022). Economic, functional, and social factors influencing electric vehicles’ adoption: An empirical study based on the diffusion of innovation theory. Sustainability, 14(10), 6283. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141062831
96.
YadavR., & YadavR. (2024). Are consumers ready to adopt electric vehicles? Analyzing the barriers and motivators associated with electric vehicle adoption in India: Policy implications for various stakeholders. Energy Policy, 190, Article 114173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114173
97.
YangS., ChengP., LiJ., & WangS. (2019). Which group should policies target? Effects of incentive policies and product cognitions for electric vehicle adoption among Chinese consumers. (2019). Energy Policy, 135, 111009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111009
98.
ZhangH., IrfanM., AiF., Al-AibanK. M., & AbbasS. (2024). Analyzing barriers to the adoption and development of electric vehicles: A roadmap towards sustainable transportation system. Renewable Energy, 233, Article 121136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121136
99.
ZhangW., Mas’odA., & SulaimanZ. (2022). Moderating effect of collectivism on Chinese consumers’ intention to adopt electric vehicles: An adoption of VBN framework. Sustainability, 14(19), 12398. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912398
100.
ZhangX., BaiX., & ShangJ. (2018). Is subsidized electric vehicles adoption sustainable: Consumers’ perceptions and motivation toward incentive policies, environmental benefits, and risks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.252
