This article explores three conversion theories regarding Islam’s spread in Kashmir, with two focusing on the state’s role. It argues that while state support for Islam is acknowledged, it alone does not explain mass conversions. It delves into the social liberation theory’s impact, suggesting that Islam’s appeal in Kashmir lies in its lack of ritual inequality, transforming various inequalities in the region. The study investigates the role of this theory within the Kashmiri context, emphasizing indigenous trends and influential mystical agents. It examines the Rishi movement led by Shaikh Nuruddin and its deliberate influence on Kashmiri Muslim identity across three phases. The article highlights the interplay among language, behavior, and sociocultural factors, asserting that this identity organically emerged within Kashmiri society, reflecting its intrinsic values and ambitions. This association with Islam does not relegate Kashmiri Muslims to an outsider status, as their identity is deeply rooted in indigenous cultural heritage and historical context.
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