Examining the Role of Workplace Spirituality and Teacher Self-efficacy on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour of Secondary School Teachers: An Indian Scenario

Abstract

Research on workplace spirituality is on the rise primarily because of the win-win situation it creates for both employees and organizations. Spirituality at work has been associated with many individual-level work behaviour and attitudes. Also, self-efficacy is another significant construct which considerably affects individual work experiences. The current study focuses on the relationship between workplace spirituality, self-efficacy and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in secondary school teachers. It examines whether spirituality and teacher efficacy could predict citizenship behaviour of teachers. Additionally, the influence of spirituality on self-efficacy is also looked at. Data were collected from 353 teachers working in state-run schools in one of the southern states in India. Using structural equation modeling, the study finds that positive relationships exist between different dimensions of workplace spirituality, teacher efficacy and two categories of OCBs. The study contributes to the growing empirical research on workplace spirituality and the underexplored area of teacher OCB.

Keywords

Workplace Spirituality Self-efficacy Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Secondary School Teachers

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Anderson

R. N.

, Greene

M. L.

, & Loewen

P. S.

(1988). Relationships among teachers’ and students’ thinking skills, sense of efficacy, and student achievement. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 34(2), 148–165.

Armor

, Conroy-Oseguera

, Cox

, King

, McDonnell

, Pascal

, … Zellman

(1976). Analysis of the school preferred reading programs in selected Los Angeles minority schools (Report No. R-2007-LAUSD). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.

Ashmos

D. P.

, & Duchon

(2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134–145. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/105649260092008

Bandura

(1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Bandura

(1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359–373. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359

Bandura

(1997). Editorial. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 8–10. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.8

Belwalkar

, Vohra

, & Pandey

(2018). The relationship between workplace spirituality, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors: An empirical study. Social Responsibility Journal. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-05-2016-0096

Bogler

, & Somech

(2004). Influence of teacher empowerment on teachers’ organizational commitment, professional commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(3), 277–289. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.02.003

Chawla

, & Guda

(2013). Workplace spirituality as a precursor to relationship-oriented selling characteristics. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(1), 63–73. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1370-y

10.

Christ

, van Dick

, Wagner

, & Stellmacher

(2003). When teachers go the extra mile: Foci of organisational identification as determinants of different forms of organisational citizenship behaviour among schoolteachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(3), 329–341.

11.

Crawford

, Hubbard

S. S.

, Lonis-Shumate

S. R.

, & O’Neill

(2008). Workplace spirituality and employee attitudes within the lodging environment. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 8(1), 64–81. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/15332840802274445

12.

DiPaola

M. F.

, & da Costa Neves

P. M. M.

(2009). Organizational citizenship behaviors in American and Portuguese public schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(4), 490–507. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910967464

13.

DiPaola

M. F.

, & Hoy

W. K.

(2005). Organizational citizenship of faculty and achievement of high school students. The High School Journal, 88(3), 35–44. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/40364262

14.

Duchon

, & Plowman

D. A.

(2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance. Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 807–833. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.008

15.

Dussault

(2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy and organizational citizenship behaviors. Psychological Reports, 98(2), 427–432. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.98.2.427-432

16.

Elstad

, Christophersen

K. A.

, & Turmo

(2011). Social exchange theory as an explanation of organizational citizenship behaviour among teachers. International Journal of Leadership in Education: Theory and Practice, 14(4), 405–421. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2010.524250

17.

Evers

W. J. G.

, Brouwers

, & Tomic

(2002). Burnout and self-efficacy: A study on teachers’ beliefs when implementing an innovative educational system in the Netherlands. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(2), 227–243. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1348/000709902158865

18.

Fornell

, & Larcker

D. F.

(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312

19.

Garg

(2017). Workplace spirituality and employee well-being: An empirical exploration. Journal of Human Values, 23(2), 129–147. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685816689741

20.

George

, & Mallery

(2011). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10/e). New Delhi: Pearson Education India.

21.

Gibson

, & Dembo

M. H.

(1984). Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(4), 569–582. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.569

22.

Guillory

(2000). The living organization: Spirituality in the workplace. Salt Lake City, UT: Innovations International.

23.

Gupta

, Kumar

, & Singh

(2014). Creating satisfied employees through workplace spirituality: A study of the private insurance sector in Punjab (India). Journal of Business Ethics, 122(1), 79–88.

24.

Hall

M. E. L.

, Oates

K. L. M.

, Anderson

T. L.

, & Willingham

M. M.

(2012). Calling and conflict: The sanctification of work in working mothers. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(1), 71–83. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023191

25.

Houghton

J. D.

, Neck

C. P.

, & Krishnakumar

(2016). The what, why, and how of spirituality in the workplace revisited: A 14-year update and extension. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 13(3), 1–29. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2016.1185292

26.

Hoy

, & Woolfolk

(1993). Teachers’ sense of efficacy and the organizational health of schools. The Elementary School Journal, 93(4), 355–372.

27.

Jimmieson

N. L.

, Hannam

R. L.

, & Yeo

G. B.

(2010). Teacher organizational citizenship behaviours and job efficacy: Implications for student quality of school life. British Journal of Psychology, 101(3), 453–479. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1348/000712609X470572

28.

Karakas

(2010). Spirituality and performance in organizations: A literature review. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(1), 89–106. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0251-5

29.

Kazemipour

, Mohamad Amin

, & Pourseidi

(2012). Relationship between workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior among nurses through mediation of affective organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 44(3), 302–310. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2012.01456.x

30.

Krishnakumar

, & Neck

C. P.

(2002). The ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ of spirituality in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(3), 153–164. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940210423060

31.

Krishnakumar

, & Robinson

(2015). Maintaining an even keel: An affect-mediated model of mindfulness and hostile work behavior. Emotion, 15(5), 579–589.

32.

Kumar

, & Kumar

(2014). Workplace spirituality as a moderator in relation between stress and health: An exploratory empirical assessment. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 344–351. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09540261.2014.924909

33.

Lapierre

, & Hackett

(2007). Trait conscientiousness, leader-member exchange, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour: A test of an integrative model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(3), 539–554. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1348/096317906X154892

34.

Lee

, & Allen

N. J.

(2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131–142. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.1.131

35.

Marques

, Dhiman

, & King

(2005). Spirituality in the workplace: Developing an integral model and a comprehensive definition. The Journal of American Academy, 7(1), 81–91.

36.

Marschke

, Preziosi

, & Harrington

(2011). Professionals and executives support: A relationship between organizational commitment and spirituality in the workplace. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 7(8). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v7i8.2320

37.

Milliman

, Czaplewski

A. J.

, & Ferguson

(2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426–447. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810310484172

38.

Motowidlo

S. J.

(2000). Some basic issues related to contextual performance and organizational citizenship behavior in human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 10(1), 115–126. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(99)00042-X

39.

Nasina

M. D.

, & Doris

K. P. P.

(2011). The workplace spirituality and affective commitment among auditors in big four accounting firms: Does it matter? Journal of Global Management, 2(2), 216–226.

40.

Nasurdin

A. M.

, Nejati

, & Mei

Y. K.

(2013). Workplace spirituality and organizational citizenship behaviour: Exploring gender as a moderator, 44(1), 61–74.

41.

Nwibere

B. M.

, & Emecheta

B. C.

(2012). Workplace spirituality and employees’ commitment to the organization: A study of selected banks in the south–south geo-political region of Nigeria. International Journal of Business & Public Administration, 9(3), 99–125.

42.

Oplatka

(2006). Going beyond role expectations: Toward an understanding of the determinants and components of teacher organizational citizenship behaviour. Educational Administration Quarterly, 42(3), 385–423. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X05285987

43.

Oplatka

(2009). Organizational citizenship behavior in teaching. International Journal of Educational Management, 23(5), 375–389. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540910970476

44.

Organ

D. W.

(1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com.

45.

Organ

D. W.

, & Ryan

(1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 775–802. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01781.x

46.

Palmer

P. J.

(1999). The active life: A spirituality of work, creativity, and caring. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

47.

Pandey

, Gupta

R. K.

, & Arora

A. P.

(2009). Spiritual climate of business organizations and its impact on customers’ experience. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(2), 313–332. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/40295000

48.

Pardasani

, Sharma

R. R.

, & Bindlish

(2014). Facilitating workplace spirituality: Lessons from Indian spiritual traditions. Journal of Management Development, 33(8/9), 847–859. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-07-2013-0096

49.

Pawar

B. S.

(2009a). Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitudes: An empirical test of direct and interaction effects. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(8), 759–777. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730911003911

50.

Pawar

B. S.

(2009b). Some of the recent organizational behavior concepts as precursors to workplace spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(2), 245–261. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9961-3

51.

Petchsawang

, & Duchon

(2009). Measuring workplace spirituality in an Asian context. Human Resource Development, 12(4), 459–468.

52.

Petchsawang

, & Duchon

(2012). Workplace spirituality, meditation, and work performance. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 9(2), 189–208. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2012.688623

53.

Podsakoff

P. M.

, Ahearne

, & MacKenzie

S. B.

(1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 262–70. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9109284

54.

Podsakoff

P. M.

, MacKenzie

S. B.

, Paine

J. B.

, & Bachrach

D. G.

(2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513–563. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307

55.

Rego

, & eCunha

M. P.

(2008). Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: An empirical study. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(1), 53–75. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810810847039

56.

Schneider

, & DeSouza

(2015). Links between workplace spirituality, job-related attitudes, and value fit in a non-profit agency. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 43(3), 199–210.

57.

Sesen

, & Basim

N. H.

(2012). Impact of satisfaction and commitment on teachers’ organizational citizenship. Educational Psychology, 32(4), 475–491. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2012.670900

58.

Shapira-Lishchinsky

, & Raftar-Ozery

(2016). Leadership, absenteeism acceptance, and ethical climate as predictors of teachers’ absence and citizenship behaviors.

59.

Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(3), 491–510. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143216665841

60.

Skaalvik

E. M.

, & Skaalvik

(2007). Dimensions of teacher self-efficacy and relations with strain factors, perceived collective teacher efficacy, and teacher burnout. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(3), 611–625. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.611

61.

Somech

, & Drach-Zahavy

(2000). Understanding extra-role behavior in schools: The relationships between job satisfaction, sense of efficacy, and teachers’ extra-role behavior. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 649–659. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00012-3

62.

Somech

, & Ron

(2007). Promoting organizational citizenship behavior in schools: The impact of individual and organizational characteristics. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 38–66. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X06291254

63.

Stein

M. K.

, & Wang

M. C.

(1988). Teacher development and school improvement: The process of teacher change. Teaching and Teacher Education, 4(2), 171–187. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(88)90016-9

64.

Tepper

B. J.

(2003). Organizational citizenship behaviour and the spiritual employee. In Giacalone

R. A.

& Jurkiewicz

C. L.

(Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (2nd ed., pp. 181–190). New York, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

65.

Tepper

B. J.

, & Taylor

E. C.

(2003). Relationships among supervisors’ and subordinates’ procedural justice perceptions and organizational citizenship behaviors. Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 97–105. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/30040679

66.

van der Walt

, & de Klerk

J. J.

(2014). Workplace spirituality and job satisfaction. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 379–389. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.908826

67.

van Dick

, Grojean

M. W.

, Christ

, & Wieseke

(2006). Identity and the extra mile: Relationships between organizational identification and organizational citizenship behaviour. British Journal of Management, 17, 283–301. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00520.x

68.

van Dick

, Wagner

, Stellmacher

, & Christ

(2005). Category salience and organizational identification. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(2), 273–285. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X25779

69.

Williams

, & Anderson

(1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617.

70.

Woolfolk

A. E.

, Rosoff

, & Hoy

W. K.

(1990). Teachers’ sense of efficacy and their beliefs about managing students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 6(2), 137–148. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(90)90031-Y

71.

Yoon

J. S.

(2002). Teacher characteristics as predictors of teacher-student relationships: Stress, negative affect, and self-efficacy. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30(5), 485–493. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.5.485

72.

Zeinabadi

(2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of teachers. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 998–1003. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.225