The purpose of the study is to explore the moderating effect of locus of control on relationship between general role stress and personal effectiveness of management graduates. The present study was done on a sample of 186 management students belonging to different management institutes. Variables in the study were assessed using three validated instruments. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. It was found that general stress was negatively related to personal effectiveness and locus of control moderates the relationship between the two. Results confirmed the importance of personality dimension as factor affecting personal effectiveness. It shows that the intensity of stress is reduced if the student focuses on locus of control thus making him more effective. By understanding the relationship between these variables the management institute should conduct and deliver training programmes to actively manage the budding managers. This study is the first of its kind to study the moderating effect of locus of control on the relationship between general role stress and personal effectiveness.
Abdel-Halim A..Personnel psychology.Employee Affective Responses to Organizational Stress: Moderating Effects of Job Characteristics Personnel Psychology. 1978;31 (3): 561-579
2.
Abdel-Halim A..Effects of person-job compatibility on managerial reactions to role ambiguity.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 1980;26:193-211
3.
Alloy L.B.,Abramson L.Y..Judgment of contin-gency in depressed and non depressed students: Sadder but wiser?.Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1979;108 (4): 441-485
4.
Anderson C.R..Coping behaviors as intervening mechanisms in the inverted-U stress-performance relationship.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1976;61 (1): 30-34
5.
Anderson R.G.,Faust G.W.Educational psychology: The science of instruction and learning. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company; 1973:
6.
Asri Mohamad.Assessing learning outcomes of information literacy programmes: Malaysian academic libraries.
Paper presented at the International Conference on Libraries: Towards a Knowledge Society; 2002Penang; 2002. .
7.
Bhalla S.,Nauriyal D.K..Emotional intelligence: The emerging paradigm in personnel dynamics.Psychological Studies. 2004;49 (2): 97-106
8.
Buck V.E.Working under pressure. London: Staples Press; 1972:
9.
Chemers M.M.,Hu L.,Garcia B.F..Academic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustment.Journal of Educational Psychology. 2001;93 (1): 55-64
10.
Carriochi J.,Deane F.P.,Anderson S..Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health.Personality & Individual Differences. 2002;32 (2): 197-209
11.
Cummins R..Locus of control and social support: Clarifiers of the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1989;19:772-786
12.
Daniels K.,Guppy A..Control, information seeking preferences, occupational stressors, and psychological wellbeing.Work and Stress. 1992;:347-353
13.
Davidson W.B.,Beck H.P..Using the survey of academic orientations to predict undergraduate stress levels.NACADA Journal. 2006;26:13-20
14.
Dember W.N.,Martin S.H.,Hummer M.K.,Howe S.R.,Melton R.S..The measurement of optimism and pessimism.Current Psychology: Research & Reviews. 1989;8:109-119
15.
Dobson C.B..Sources of sixth social support from stress.Journal of Adolescent. 1980;3:65-75
16.
Durand D.E..Relation of achievement and power motives to performance among black business.Psychological Reports. 1975;37:11-14
17.
Durand D.,Shea D..Entrepreneurial activity as a function of achievement motivation and reinforcement control.Journal of Psychology. 1974;88:57-63
18.
Elovainio M.,Kivimaki M.,Vahtera J..Organisational justice: Evidence of a new psychological predictor of health.American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92 (1): 105-108
19.
Feng G.F.Management of stress and loss. Taipei: Psychological Publishing Co. Ltd; 1992:
20.
Firth L.,Mellor D.J.,Moore K.A.,Loquet C..How can managers reduce employee intention to quit?.Journal Managerial Psychology. 2004;19 (1&2): 170-187
21.
Friedlander L.J.,Reid G.J.,Shupak N.,Crribie R..Social support, self-esteem, stress as predictors of adjustment to university among first year undergraduates.Journal of College Student Development. 2007;46 (3): 223-236
22.
Furnham A.,Petrides K.V.,Spencer-Bowdage S..The effects of different types of social desirability on the identification of repressors.Personality and Individual Differences. 2002;33:119-130
23.
Gerend M.,Aiken L.,West S.G..Personality factors in older women’s perceived susceptibility to diseases of aging.Journal of Personality. 2004;72:243-270
24.
Gohm C.L.,Corser G.C.,Dalsky D.J..Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or relevant?.Personality and Individual Differences. 2005;39:1017-1028
25.
Groth-Marnat G.,Pegden J..Personality correlates if paranormal belief: Locus of control and sensation seeking.Social Behavior and Personality. 1998;26:291-296
26.
Hirsch J.K.,Ellis J.B..Differences in life stress and reasons for living among college suicide ideators and non-Ideators.College Student Journal. 1996;30:377-384
27.
Jackson S.,Schuler R..A meta-analysis and conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings.Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process. 1985;36:16-78
28.
Johnson A.L.,Luthans F.,Hennessey H.W..The role of locus of control in leader influence behavior.Personnel Psychology. 1984;37 (1): 61-75
29.
Judge T.A.,Erez A.,Bono J.E.,Thoresen C.J..The core-self evaluations scale: Development of a measure.Personnel Psychology. 2003;56:303-333
30.
Kalbers L.P.,Fogarty T.J..Antecedents to internal auditor burnout.Journal of Managerial Issues. 2005;17 (1): 101-118
31.
KiersteadJ. (1999). Human resource management trends and issues: (EI) in the workplace. Research Directorate, Policy Research & Communication Branch, Public Service Commission Branch, Public Service Commission of Canada.
32.
Kobasa S.C.,Puccetti M.C..Personality and social resources in stress resistance.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 1983;45:839-850
33.
Kobasa S.C.,Maddi S.R.,Kahn S..Hardiness and health: A prospective study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982;42 (1): 168-177
34.
Kohn J.P.,Frazer G.H..An academic stress scale: Identification and rated importance of academic stressors.Psychological Reports. 1986;59:415-426
35.
Lahmers A.,Zulauf C..Factors associated with academic time use and academic performance of college students: A recursive approach.Journal of College Student Development. 2000;41 (5): 544-556
36.
Lai P.C.,Chao W.C.,Chanf Y.Y.,Chang T.T.Adolescent psychology. Taipei: National Open University; 1996:
37.
Lawler E.E.Motivation in work organizations. Monterey, Cal.: Brooks-Cole; 1973:
38.
Lazarus P.S.Psychological stress and the coping process. McGraw-Hill; 1966:
39.
Lazarus R.S.,Folkman S.Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer; 1984:
40.
Levenson H.Research with the locus of control construct Vol. 1. Lefcourt H. M., ed. New York: Academic Press; 1981:15-63.
41.
Lyumbomirsky S.The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. London: Piatkus; 2008:
42.
Macan T.H.,Shahani C.,Dipboye R.L.,Philips A.P..College student’s time management: Correlations with academic performance & stress.Journal of Educational Psychology. 1990;82 (4): 760-768
43.
Malik A.K.,Sabharwal M..Locus of control as determinant of organizational role stress.Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 1999;25 (1&2): 4-61
44.
Marks S.R..Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment.American Sociological Review. 1977;42:921-936
Newman J.Early life stress linked to teenage mental problems. Oregon: Oregon Health & Science University; 2005:
49.
Noor N.M..Work-family conflict, locus of control, and women’s well-being: Tests of alternative pathways.The Journal of Social Psychology. 2002;142 (2): 645-662
O’Brien G.E.Research in locus of control. Lefcourt H. M., ed. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1983:1250-1257.
52.
Organ D.,Greene C..Role ambiguity, locus of control and work satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1974;59:101-102
53.
Pareek UdaiThe 1992 annual: Developing human resources. Pfeiffer J. W., ed. San Diego, California: University Associates; 1992:135-148.
54.
Pestonjee D.M.,Singh U.B.Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management; 1981:
55.
Pestonjee D.M.,Singh G.P.Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management; 1983:
56.
Peterson C..Locus of control and belief in self-oriented superstitions.Journal of Social Psychology. 1978;105:305-306
57.
Phares E.J.Locus of control: A personality determinant of behavior. Horrlstown, R.J.: General Learning Press; 1973:
58.
Rahim A..Stress, strain, and their moderators: An empirical comparison of entrepreneurs and managers.Journal of Small Business Management. 1996;34 (1): 46-58
59.
Robbins S.P.,Allen J.,Casillas A.,Peterson C.H.,Le H..Unraveling the differential effects of motivational and skills, social & self-management measures from traditional predictors of college outcomes.Journal of Educational Psychology. 2006;98:598-616
60.
Rotter J.B..Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.Psychological Monographs. 1966;80 (1): 1-28
61.
Rudski J..The illusion of control, superstitious belief, and optimism.Current Psychology. 2004;22:306-315
62.
Rudski J.M..Competition, superstition, and the illusion of control.Current Psychology. 2001;20:68-84
63.
Rudski J.M.,Lischner M.I.,Albert L.M..Superstitious rule generation is affected by probability and type of outcome.Psychological Record. 1999;49:245-260
64.
Salovey P.,Stroud L.R.,Woolery A.,Epel E.S..Perceived emotional intelligence, stress reactivity and symptom reports: Further explorations using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale.Psychology and Health. 2002;17:611-627
65.
Seery M.D.,Blascovich J.,Weisbuch M.,Vick S.B..The relationship between self-esteem level, self-esteem stability, and cardiovascular reactions to the performance feedback.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2004;87 (1): 133-145
66.
Sgan-Cohen H.D.,Lowental U..Sources of stress among Israeli dental students.The Journal of the American College Health Association. 1988;36:317-321
67.
Singh J.,Rhoads G.K..Boundary role ambiguity in marketing-oriented positions: A multidimensional, multifaceted operationalization.Journal of Marketing Research. 1991;28:328-338
68.
Siu O.L.,Cooper C.L..A study of occupational stress and job satisfaction and quitting intention in Hong Kong firms.Stress Medicine. 1998;14:55-66
69.
Spector P.E..Behavior in organizations as a function of employee’s locus of control.Psychological Bulletin. 1982;91:482-497
70.
Spector P.E..Perceived control by employees: A meta-analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work.Human Relations. 1986;39:1005-1016
71.
Spector P.E..Development of the work locus of control scale.Journal of Occupational Psychology. 1988;61:335-340
72.
Spector P.E.,O’Connel B.J..The contribution of personality traits, negative affectivity, locus of control and Type A to the subsequent reports of job stressors and job strains.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 1994;67:1-4
73.
Szillagyi A.D.,Sims H.P.,Keller R.T..Role dynamics, locus of control and employees attitudes & behavior.Academy of Management Journal. 1976;19 (2): 259-276
74.
Tennen H.,Sharp J.P..Control orientation and the illusion of control.Journal of Personality Assessment. 1983;47:369-374
75.
Tobacyk J.J.,Nagot E.,Miller M..Paranormal beliefs and locus of control: A multidimensional examination.Journal of Personality Assessment. 1988;52:241-246
76.
Tobacyk J.J.,Shrader D..Superstition and self-efficacy.Psychological Reports. 1991;68 (1): 387-1388
77.
Twenge J.M.,Zhang L.,Im C..It’s beyond my control: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of increasing externality in locus of control, 1960–2002.Personality & Social Psychology Review. 2004;8 (3): 308-319
78.
Van Raalte J.L.,Brewer B.W.,Newmeroff C.J.,Linder D.E..Chance orientation and superstitious behavior on the putting green.Journal of Sport Behaviour. 1991;14:41-50
79.
Volpe J.F..A guide to effective stress management.Career and Technical Education. 2000;48 (10): 183-188
80.
Von Emster G.R.,Harrison A.A..Role ambiguity, spheres of control, burnout, and work-related attitudes of teleservice professionals.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 1998;13:375-385
81.
Wright J.J..Reported personal stress sources and adjustment of entering freshmen.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1967;14 (4): 371-373
