The board of directors’ diversity plays a crucial role in the firm’s decision-making process, which includes risk management. This study proposes a multidimensional index to measure board diversity. We use the Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 1500 between 1996 and 2013 to analyse the relationship between board diversity and credit risk. We find an inverse and significative relation between board diversity and credit risk, which means that diversity matters in credit risk, and more diversity leads to less credit risk.
AcharyaV., DavydenkoS. A., & StrebulaevI. A. (2012). The society for financial studies cash holdings and credit risk. The Review of Financial Studies, 25 (12), 3572–3609.
2.
AdamsR. B., HermalinB. E., & WeisbachM. S. (2010). The role of boards of directors in corporate governance: A conceptual framework and survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 48 (1), 58–107.
3.
AnH., & ChanK. C. (2008). Credit ratings and IPO pricing. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14 (5), 584–595.
4.
BaldeniusT., MelumadN., & MengX. (2014). Board composition and CEO power. Journal of Financial Economics, 112 (1), 53–68.
5.
BaltagiB. B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
6.
BernileG., BhagwatV., & YonkerS. (2018). Board diversity, firm risk, and corporate policies. Journal of Financial Economics, 127 (3), 588–612.
7.
BlackF., & ScholesM. (1973). The pricing options and corporate liabilities. Journal of Political Economy, 81 (3), 637–654.
8.
BrealeyR. A., MyersS. C., & AllenF. (1988). Principles of corporate finance (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin.
9.
CarterD. A., SimkinsB. J., SimpsonW. G., BorokhovichK., CrutchleyC., ElsonC., & LonghoferS. (2003). Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value. The Financial Review, 38 (1), 33–53.
10.
CastroC. B., De La ConchaM. D., GravelJ. V., & PeriñanM. M. V. (2009). Does the team leverage the board’s decisions?Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17 (6), 744–761.
11.
ColesJ. L., DanielN. D., NaveenL., & CareyW. P. (2008). Boards: Does one size fit all?Journal of Financial Economics, 87 (2), 329–356.
12.
ElingM., & MarekS. D. (2014). Corporate governance and risk taking: Evidence from the U.K. and German Insurance. The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 81 (3), 653–682.
13.
EY. (2013). The critical role of the board in effective risk oversight. https://www.ey.com/ca/en/services/advisory/the-critical-role-of-the-board-in-effective-risk-oversight.
14.
FamaE. F. (1980). Agency problems and the theory of the firm. Journal of Political Economy, 88 (2), 288–307.
15.
FamaE. F., & JensenM. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26 (2), 301–325.
16.
FaragH., & MallinC. (2016). The impact of the dual board structure and board diversity: Evidence from Chinese Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). Journal of Business Ethics, 139 (2), 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2649-6.
17.
FaulkenderM., & PetersenM. A. (2006). Does the source of capital affect capital structure?The Review of Financial Studies, 19 (1), 45–79.
18.
FerreiraM. A., & LauxP. A. (2007). Corporate governance, idiosyncratic risk, and information flow. The Journal of Finance, 62 (2), 951–989.
19.
FerreiraD., FerreiraM. A., & MarianoB. (2018). Creditor control rights and board independence. Journal of Finance, 73 (5), 2385–2423.
20.
FerreiraS., GrammatikosT., & MichalaD. (2016). Pricing default risk: The good, the bad, and the anomaly. Journal of Financial Stability, 26, 190–213.
21.
FichE. M., & ShivdasaniA. (2006). Are busy boards effective monitors?The Journal of Finance, 61 (2), 689–724.
22.
Financial Reporting Counsil. (2018). The UK Corporate Governance Code. https://www.frc.org.uk/getattachment/88bd8c45-50ea-4841-95b0-d2f4f48069a2/2018-UK-Corporate-Governance-Code-FINAL.PDF.
23.
ForbesD. P., & MillikenF. J. (1999). Cognition and corporate governance: Understanding boards of directors as strategic decision-making groups. The Academy of Management Review, 24 (3), 489–505.
24.
GiannettiM., & ZhaoM. (2016). Board ancestral diversity and firm performance volatility(Finance Working Paper No. 462). European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI).
25.
GreeneW. H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.
GuptaP. P., & LeechT. (2015). The next frontier for boards: Oversight of risk culture. Edpacs, 52 (4), 1–16.
28.
HandJ. R. M., HolthausenR. W., & LeftwichR. W. (1992). The effect of bond rating agency announcements on bond and stock prices. The Journal of Finance, 47 (2), 733–752.
29.
HermalinB. E., & WeisbachM. S. (1998). Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO. The American Economic Review, 88 (1), 96–118.
30.
HillmanA. J., & DalzielT. (2003). Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 28 (3), 383–396.
31.
HsiaoC. (2014). Analysis of panel data (3rd ed.), Econometric Society Monographs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139839327
32.
JensenM. C., & MecklingW. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (4), 305–360.
33.
KisgenD. J. (2009). Do firms target credit ratings or leverage levels?The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 44 (6), 1323–1344.
34.
LinckJ. S., NetterJ. M., & YangT. (2008). The determinants of board structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 87 (2), 308–328.
35.
MaznevskiM. L. (1994). Understanding our differences: Performance in decision-making groups with diverse members. Human Relations, 47 (5), 531–552.
36.
McNeilA. J., FreyR., & EmbrechtsP. (2006). Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques, and tools. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 101. https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2006.s156.
37.
McNultyT., FlorackisC., & OrmrodP. (2013). Boards of directors and financial risk during the credit crisis. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 21 (1), 58–78.
38.
MertonR. C. (1974). On the pricing of corporate debt: The risk structure of interest rates. The Journal of Finance, 29 (2), 449–470.
39.
MillikenF. J., & MartinsL. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. The Academy of Management Review, 21, 402–433.
40.
MishraS. (2020). Do independent directors improve firm performance? Evidence from India. Global Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920917310.
41.
MoussaF. B. (2019). The influence of internal corporate governance on bank credit risk: An empirical analysis for Tunisia. Global Business Review, 20 (3), 640–667. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919837078.
42.
PerrymanA. A., FernandoG. D., & TripathyA. (2016). Do gender differences persist? An examination of gender diversity on firm performance, risk, and executive compensation. Journal of Business Research, 69 (2), 579–586.
43.
PfefferJ., & GeraldS. (2003). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Stanford Business Classics.
44.
PfefferJ., & SalancikG. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource-dependence perspective. Harper & Row.
45.
SahR. K., & StiglitzJ. E. (1986). The architecture of economic systems: Hierarchies and polyarchies. The American Economic Review, 76 (4), 716–727.
46.
Thomson Reuters. (2018). S&P downgrades GE’s credit rating, Moody’s, Fitch put it on review. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ge-ratings-moodys/sp-downgrades-ges-credit-rating-moodys-fitch-put-it-on-review-idUSKCN1MC1YD.
47.
VassalouM., & XingY. (2004). Default risk in equity returns. The Journal of Finance, 39 (2), 831–868.
48.
WingardJ. (2019). Diverse boards propel successful companies—Three strategies to expand pipelines. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonwingard/2019/02/21/diverse-boards-propel-successful-companies-three-strategies-to-expand-pipelines/?sh=6235d654604c.
49.
YangH., AhnH.-J., KimM. H., & RyuD. (2017). Information asymmetry and investor trading behavior around bond rating change announcements. Emerging Markets Review, 32, 38–51.
50.
ZichuY. (2019, May). Can group intelligence help entrepreneurs find better opportunities?Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01141.