This article examines the rise of non-military threats as significant security challenges worldwide. It highlights the necessity for a comprehensive re-evaluation of security paradigms, advocating for a broader perspective that transcends the traditional focus on military strategies and arms accumulation. Instead, it argues for a multifaceted approach that addresses threats, such as pandemics like COVID-19, food insecurity, environmental degradation, racism and other destabilising factors, affecting the political, economic and social landscapes of nations, thereby posing severe implications for human security. Utilising content analysis methodology and drawing from secondary sources, the study underscores the urgency of addressing non-military threats as a primary security concern. It proposes some recommendations to include prioritising non-military security challenges, fostering public awareness and preparedness through education initiatives and advocating for the integration of non-military threats into national and international security frameworks. This holistic approach aims to mitigate the consequences of non-military threats and promote resilience in the face of adversity.
AbangP. O., DukeO., BisongB. D., & OgarJ. I. (2021). Domestic and social violence during COVID-19 pandemic in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal Public Administration & Management Research, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.36758/ijpamr/v6n1.2021/03
2.
AlexieA. (2022). Military defection during the collapse of the Soviet Union. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 16(2), 26–53. https://doi.org/10.51870/UNYW3133
3.
BeautyD., MarkM., & MelanieN. (2021). Poverty on the rise: The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the informal sector of Gweru, Zimbabwe. International Social Science Journal, 71(Suppl 1). https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12285
CamporesiS., AngeliF., & FabbroG. D. (2020). Mobilization of expert knowledge and advice for management of the COVID-19 emergency in Italy in 2020. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9, 54. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01042-6
6.
ClaraE. (2018). Securitization theory: An introduction. E-International Relation. https://www.e-ir.info/2018/01/14/securitisation-theory-an-introduction/
7.
CookA. (2017). Non-traditional security and world politics. The Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief in the Asia-Pacific, 2017.
8.
CorneliaC. (2020). Securitization on the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia (Sekuritasasi dalam Penyebaran COVID-19 di Indonesia). Politica, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v11i2.1749
9.
EwingJ. J., & Caballero-AnthonyM. (2021). Assessing the emergence of non-traditional security studies. In Non-traditional security in the Asia Pacific a decade of perspectives (pp. 3–9). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811224430_0001
10.
FernandaG. N. (2021). The Italian model to fight COVID-19: Regional cooperation, regulation inflation and the cost of one-size-fits-all lockdown measures. Administrative Law Review, 73(1). https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2960&context=facsch_lawrev
11.
FlaminiV., & ToscaniM. F. G. (2021). The short-term impact of COVID-19 on labor markets, poverty and inequality in Brazil[IMF Working Paper No. 2021/066].
12.
GomezO. A., & GasperD. (2015). Human security thinking in practice: Personal security ‘citizen security and comprehensive mappings. Contemporary Politics, 21, 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2014.993906
13.
GranoffJ., & KellmanB. (2020). National security is too crude to protect us from pandemics. It’s time to shift to human security instead. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/human-security-nationalsecurity-covid-19coronavirus-1492830
14.
History.com Editors. (2023). Cold war history. https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War
15.
IbrahimT. (2020). Opinion—Non-military threats and the limits of national security. E-International Relations.
16.
JamesK., MartinA., AndresB., RebeccaM., KareenM., & MichaelD. (2021). Global economic effects of COVID-19. Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.govR46270
17.
JegatJ. (2015). Global pandemics: A security threat?E-International Relations.
18.
LimaP. C. G. D. C., & DuránP. R. F. (2021). Work, inequalities, and precarization: Impacts on Brazil in times of COVID-19 pandemic. Revue Interventions Économiques. Papers in Political Economy, 66.
19.
LuciaR., ErikF., StijnH., AliceL., FookN., & WilliamsP. (2020). The relationship between the economy and national security. RAND Corporation.
20.
MarcT. (2018). Assessing Soviet economic performance during the Cold War: A failure of intelligence? Texas National Security Review. https://doi.org/10.15781/T2QV3CM4W
21.
Marco-FrancoJ. E., Pita-BarrosP., Vivas-OrtsD., Gonzélez-de-Juli’nS., & Vivas-ConsueloD. (2021). COVID-19, fake news, and vaccines: Regulation should be implemented?International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 744.
22.
MelyC., & GinaG. (2020). Beyond securitization: Governing NTS issues in South East Asia. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
23.
MicheleU. (2020). The Lombardy region of Italy launches the first investigative COVID-19 commission. The Lancet, 396(10262), e86–e87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32154-1
24.
MuggahR., StevenD., & TørresL. (2020). We urgently need major cooperation on global security on the COVID-19 era. World Economic Forum.
25.
MustafaA. (2016). Adapting to a new security environment: Turkey’s border security[Doctoral Dissertation, University of Portsmouth]. https://pure.port.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/7004557/ADAPTING_TO_A_NEW_SECURITY_ENVIRONMENT.pdf.retrieved20-1-24
26.
NiuY., & XuF. (2020). Deciphering the power of isolation in controlling COVID-19 outbreaks. The Lancet Globe Health, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30085-1
27.
NurhasanahS., NapangM., & RohmanS. (2021). COVID-19 as a non-traditional threat to human security. Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 3(1), 1–17.
28.
OgunnoikaA. (2021). The securitization of COVID-19 in globalized world. Renaissance University Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 7(1), 1–6.
Oupblog. (2022). The nine new books to understand the cold war. Oxford University Press’s Academic Insights for the Thinking World. https://blog.oup.com/2022/10/nine-new-books-to-understand-the-cold-war-reading-list/
31.
PaulB. (2020). Threats to human security world affairs: Problems and opportunities (2nd ed.). https://opentextbc.ca/humansecurity/chapter/threats-human-security/
32.
RamadhanL. (2020). Securitization of COVID-19 and state’s response to mitigate pandemic threat. Paradigma POLISTAAT: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 3(2),75–86.
33.
SchneiderS. (2018). Tall tales of danger and security: How a critical human security approach can address major contradictions revealed through critical narrative analysis of dominant U.S. Security Strategies[Master’s Theses]. The University of San Francisco. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/1110
34.
SinghD. R., SunuwarD. R., Kumar ShahS., Kumari SahL., KarkiK., & Kumar SahR. (2021). Food insecurity during COVID-19 pandemic: A genuine concern for people from disadvantaged community and low-income families in Province 2 of Nepal. PLoS One, 16(7), e0254954. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254954
35.
SisayA. (2023). The impact of food insecurity on health outcomes: Empirical evidence from sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Public Health, 23, 338. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-15244-3
36.
TangguhC. (2020). Indonesian Government’s COVID-19 measures, January–May: Late response and public health securitization. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 24(2), 128–152. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.55863
37.
The World Bank. (2020). COVID-19 to add as many as 150 million extreme poor by 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/10/07/covid-19-to-add-as-many-as-150-million-extreme-poor-by-2021
38.
United Nations. (2023). Biological, chemical agents of war morally repugnant, terrorist breeding ground, say first committee speakers, pointing fingers at convention offenders. https://press.un.org/en/2023/gadis3721.doc.htm
39.
UpadhyayaP. (2004). Human security, humanitarian intervention, and third world concerns. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 33, 71.
40.
World Health Organization. (2023). Advice for the public: coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public?adgroupsurvey={adgroupsurvey}&gclid=Cj0KCQiAqsitBhDlARIsAGMR1RhtsN_Qxwcj9ETtICuBwHzWfKWfOPCFYPdCpk5f9V_36lElk4ZanvUaAmWpEALw_wcB.retrieved20-1-24
41.
YimerB., AshebirW., WoldeA., & TeshomeM. (2020). COVID-19 and Global Health Security: Overview of the Global Health Security Alliance, COVID-19 response, African countries’ approaches, and ethics. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(2), 1–11.
42.
YitayihY., LemuY. K., MekonenS., MechaM., & AmbeluA. (2021). Psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak among Jimma University Medical Center visitors in Southwestern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043185
43.
YongyiM. (2021). How COVID-19 has impacted the SDGs in Africa. Africa Renewal. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-2021/how-covid-19-has-impacted-sdgs-africa
