This article intends to define a Global Spirituality Index with a holistic perspective and attempts to look at some socio-economic indicators of Spirituality. It also attempts to find a relationship between crimes, such as perceived levels of corruption (as measured by Transparency International) and violence such as homicides, and various aspects of Spirituality.
AfsharF. (2005). Exploring the frontiers of international development: Countries of the North, well-being, spirituality, and contemplation. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 26(3), 527–546.
2.
AlesinaA.Di TellaR.MacCullochR. (2004). Inequality and happiness: Are Europeans and Americans different?Journal of Public Economics, 88(9), 2009–2042.
3.
Al-FarabiA.N. (1995). Tahsil al sa’ada [Attainment of happiness]. Edited by MelehemAli-Abu. Beirut: Ja’far Al Yasin.
4.
BaierC.J.WrightB.R. (2001). ‘If you love me, keep my Commandments’: A meta-analysis of the effect of religion on crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(1), 3–21.
5.
BainbridgeWilliam Simms (1989). The religious ecology of deviance. American Sociological Review, 54, 288–295.
6.
BaydaE. (2011). Beyond happiness: The Zen way to true contentment. Shambhala Publications.
7.
BurkhardtM.A.Nagai-JacobsonM.G. (2002). Spirituality: Living our connectedness. Cengage Publications.
8.
CaldwellC.DixonR.D. (2010). Love, forgiveness, and trust: Critical values of the modern leader. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(1), 91–101.
9.
CochranJ.K.WoodP.B.ArneklevB.J. (1994). Is the religiosity-delinquency relationship spurious? A test of arousal and social control theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31(1), 92–123.
10.
ComptonW.C.BeckerG.M. (1983). Self-actualizations and experience with Zen meditation: Is a learning period necessary for meditation?Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(6), 925–929.
11.
CorringtonJ.E. (1989). Spirituality and recovery: Relationships between levels of spirituality, contentment and stress during recovery from alcoholism in AA. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 6(3&4), 151–165.
12.
Di TellaRafaelDonnaJavierMacCullochRobert(2008). Crime and beliefs: Evidence from Latin America. Economics Letters, 99(3), 566–569.
13.
Di TellaR.SchargrodskyE. (2009). Happiness, ideology and crime in Argentine cities (RES Working Papers 4645). Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
14.
DienerE.SuhE.M.LucasR.E.SmithH.L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276.
15.
Diener, Ed. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43.
16.
DienerE.LucasR.SchimmackU.HelliwellJ. (2009). Well-being for public policy. Oxford University Press.
17.
DienerE.OishiS.LucasR.E. (2009). 17 Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In Oxford handbook of positive psychology (p. 187).
18.
DiwediO.P.(2005, September). Global blues and sustainable development: The emerging challenges for bureaucracy, technology and governance. Proceedings of the Conference of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) Research Committee 4 (Public Bureaucracies in Developing Societies) and 35 (Technology & Development), University of South Florida, 23–24 September.
19.
EvansT.D.CullenF.T.BurtonV.SJrDunawayR.G.PayneG.L.KethineniS.R. (1996). Religion, social bonds, and delinquency. Deviant Behavior, 17(1), 43–70.
20.
FabricatoreAnthony N.HandalPaul J.FenzelL. Mickey (2000). Personal spirituality as a moderator of the relationship between stressors and subjective well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28(3), 221–228.
21.
FahlbergLarry L.FahlbergLauri A. (1991). Exploring spirituality and consciousness with an expanded science: Beyond the ego with empiricism, phenomenology, and contemplation. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5(4), 273–281.
22.
FajnzylberP.LedermanD.LoayzaN. (2002). What causes violent crime?European Economic Review, 46(7), 1323–1357.
23.
FlavinP.LedetR. (2008). Religiosity and government corruption in the American states. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the MPSA Annual National Conference, Palmer House Hotel, Hilton, Chicago, IL, online. Retrieved from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p268599_index.html
24.
FoxJ.A.LevinJ.QuinetK. (2008). The will to kill: Making sense of senseless murder (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson.
25.
FullerRobert C. (2001). Spiritual, but not religious: Understanding unchurched America. Oxford University Press.
26.
HoodRalphSpilkaBernardHunsbergerBruceGorsuchRichard (1996). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
27.
HoustonD.J.CartwrightK.E. (2007). Spirituality and public service. Public Administration Review, 67(1),88–102. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00699.x.
28.
HoutmanD.AupersS. (2007). The spiritual turn and the decline of tradition: The spread of post-Christian spirituality in 14 Western countries, 1981–2000. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(3),305–320. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00360.x.
29.
JohnsonR.A.RuhlJ.M. (2000). Contentment: A way to true happiness. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
30.
KristellerJ.L.JohnsonT. (2005). Cultivating loving kindness: A two-stage model of the effects of meditation on empathy, compassion, and altruism. Zygon, 40i(2),391–408.
31.
LeonhardtD. (2007). 9 Habits of happiness. Inkstone Digital.
32.
LiuM.WangC. (2010). Explaining the influence of anger and compassion on negotiators’ interaction goals: An assessment of trust and distrust as two distinct mediators. Communication Research, 37(4), 443–472.
33.
MaslowA. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: The Viking Press.
34.
MathewA. (2008). Beyond techniques (abiding facts about Christian counselling). India: Authentic Books.
35.
McDonaldJ.M.PiqueroA.R.ValoisR.F.ZulligK.J. (2005). The relationship between life satisfaction, risk-taking behaviors, and youth violence. Journal of International Violence, 20(11), 1495–1518.
36.
MechanicD.SchlesingerM. (1996). The impact of managed care on patients’ trust in medical care and their physicians. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(21), 1693–1697.
37.
MichalosA.C.ZumboB. (2000). Criminal victimization and the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 50, 245–296.
38.
NidichS.SeamanW.BantaT. (1973). Influence of transcendental meditation: A replication study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20, 565–566.
39.
NisbettR.E. (1993). Violence and U.S. regional culture. American Psychologist, 48, 441–449.
40.
NortonD.E. (2007). Through the eyes of a child: An introduction to children’s literature (7th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
41.
OortF. (2005). Using structural equation modeling to detect response shifts and true change. Quality of Life Research, 14(3), 587–598.
42.
PaldamMartin. (2001). Corruption and religion adding to the economic model. Kyklos, 54(2–3), 383–413.
43.
PeekC.W.CurryE.W.ChalfantH.P. (1985). Religiosity and delinquency over time: Deviance, deterrence, and deviance amplification. Social Science Quarterly, 66(1), 120–131.
44.
PerroneK.M.WebbL.K.WrightS.L.TsaizaT.M. (2006). The relationship of spirituality to work and family roles and life satisfaction among gifted adults. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 28, 253–268.
45.
PoageE.D.KetzenbergerK.E.OlsonJ. (2004). Spirituality, contentment, and stress in recovering alcoholics. Addictive Behaviours, 29(9), 1857–1862.
46.
PowellK.B. (1997). Correlates of violent and nonviolent behavior among vulnerable inner-city youths. Family and Community Health, 20(2), 38–47.
47.
ReedP.G. (1987). Spirituality and well-being in terminally ill hospitalized adults. Research in Nursing & Health, 10(5), 335–344.
48.
RoseS. (2001). Is the term ‘spirituality’ a word that everyone uses, but nobody knows what anyone means by it?Journal of Contemporary Religion, 16(2), 193–207.
49.
RuddockB.CameronR.J. (2010). Spirituality in children and young people: A suitable topic for educational and child psychologists?Educational Psychology in Practice: Theory, Research and Practice in Educational Psychology, 26(1), 25–34.
50.
SaherP.J. (1970). Happiness and immortality. London: George Allen and Unwin.
51.
SeamanW.NidichS.BantaT. (1972). Influence of transcendental meditation on a measure of self-actualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19(3), 184–187.
52.
SeemanW.NidichS.BantaT. (1972). Influence of transcendental meditation on a measure of self-actualization. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19(3), 184–187.
53.
ShermanS. K. (2009). Compassion in the spirit of spiritual direction. A thesis submitted to the Lorian Center for Incarnational Spirituality.
54.
SnyderC.R.LopezShane J. (2007). ‘11’. Positive psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. ISBN 076192633X.
55.
ShostromE.L. (1964). Comment on a test review: The personal orientation inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20(5), 479–481.
56.
StarksS.H.HugheyA.W. (2003). African American women at midlife: The relationship between spirituality and life satisfaction. Affilia, 18(2), 133–147.
57.
VietenC.AmorokT.SchlitzM.M. (2006). I to we: The role of consciousness transformation in compassion and altruism. Zygon, 41(4), 915–932. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9744.2006.00788.x.
58.
WilhelmP.G. (2002). International validation of the corruption perceptions index: Implications for business ethics and entrepreneurship education. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(3), 177–189.
59.
ZulligK.J.WardR.M.HornT. (2006). The association between perceived spirituality, religiosity, and life satisfaction: The mediating role of self-rated health. Social Indicators Research, 79(2), 255–274.