Producer organizations (POs) have significant socio-economic consequences for smallholder members by connecting them to remunerative markets. However, empirical evidence on the impact of PO membership on marketing performance is scarce. This study explored the factors that determine smallholders’ decisions to join POs. It also focuses on how the PO membership influences smallholders’ marketing performance and profits. Cross-sectional data of 305 rice smallholders in India were used for the analysis. An endogenous treatment effects model was used to understand the major drivers behind smallholders’ decision to join the POs and their impact on smallholders. Results showed that age, education, access to credit, distance to the main market, ownership of mobile phones and marketing experience determined the smallholders’ membership in POs. The econometric analysis revealed that POs’ membership positively influenced market participation and profit realization.
AbateG. T., FrancesconiG. N., & GetnetK. (2014). Impact of agricultural cooperatives on smallholders’ technical efficiency: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 5(2), 257–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12035
2.
Abdul-RahamanA., & AbdulaiA. (2020). Farmer groups, collective marketing, and smallholder farm performance in rural Ghana. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 10(5), 511–527. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-07-2019-0095
3.
AbebawD., & HaileM. G. (2013). The impact of cooperatives on agricultural technology adoption: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. Food Policy, 38, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.10.003
4.
AbrahamM., & PingaliP. (2020). Transforming smallholder agriculture to achieve the SDGs. In SegioG. y P., LauraR. & KamelL. (Eds.), The role of smallholder farms in food and nutrition security (pp. 173–209). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-42148-9_9
5.
AchandiE. L., & MujawamariyaG. (2016). Market participation by smallholder rice farmers in Tanzania: A double hurdle analysis. Studies in Agricultural Economics, 118(2), 112–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.7896/j.1528
6.
AddaiK. N., TemosoO., & Ng’ombeJ. N. (2022). Participation in farmer organizations and adoption of farming technologies among rice farmers in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics, 49(4), 529–545. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2021-0337
7.
AhmedM. H., & MesfinH. M. (2017). The impact of agricultural cooperatives membership on the wellbeing of smallholder farmers: Empirical evidence from eastern Ethiopia. Agricultural and Food Economics, 5(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-017-0075-z
8.
AkinolaA., KehindeA., TijaniA., AyanwaleA., AdesiyanO., TanimonureV., OgunleyeA., & OjoT. (2023). Impact of membership in agricultural cooperatives on yield of smallholder tomato farmers in Nigeria. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 20, 100313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2023.100313
9.
AriasP., HallamD., KrivonosE., MorrisonJ., & Trade and Markets Division. (2013). Smallholder integration in changing food markets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i3292e
10.
BaidooS. T., YusifH., & AnwarU. (2016). The effect of smallholder livestock production on income of farm households in Northern Ghana. Journal of Science and Technology, 36(3), 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v36i3.2
11.
BairagiS., & MottalebK. A. (2021). Participation in farmers’ organization and production efficiency: Empirical evidence from smallholder farmers in Bangladesh. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 11(2), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-09-2020-0203
12.
BandumulaN. (2018). Rice production in Asia: Key to global food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 88(4), 1323–1328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0867-7
13.
BayanB. (2020). Impact of dairy co-operative society on adoption of improved farm practices: A farm level experience in Assam. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(1), 62–73. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/343453/files/Impact%20of%20Dairy%20Co-operative%20Society.pdf
14.
BeleteA. A., & NigatuA. G. (2023). Determinants of market participation among smallholder teff farmers, empirical evidence from central Ethiopia. Environmental Development, 48, 100929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100929
15.
BhadwalS., & ThakurR. K. & Kumar, V. (2022). Farmer producer organization: A potent tool for paradigm shift in the farm sector. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 23(1), 11. https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/JAEM/article/view/159042
16.
BidzakinJ. K., FialorS. C., Awunyo-VitorD., & YahayaI. (2018). Impact of irrigation ecology on rice production efficiency in Ghana. Advances in Agriculture, 1, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5287138
17.
BijmanJ., MuradianR., & SchuurmanJ. (Eds). (2016). Cooperatives, economic democratization and rural development. Edward Elgar Publishing.
18.
BirthalP. S., JhaA. K., & SinghH. (2007). Linking farmers to markets for high-value agricultural commodities. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 20, 425–439. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.47437
19.
BishwajitG., SarkerS., KpoghomouM.-A., GaoH., JunL., YinD., & GhoshS. (2013). Self-sufficiency in rice and food security: A South Asian perspective. Agriculture and Food Security, 2(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-2-10
20.
CamanziL., MalorgioG., & AzcárateT. G. (2011). The role of producer organizations in supply concentration and marketing: A comparison between European countries in the fruit and vegetable sector. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 17(2), 327–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2011.548706
21.
CeleT., & MudharaM. (2022). Impact of market participation on household food security among smallholder irrigators in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Agriculture, 12(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020261
22.
ChangY.-C., WeiM.-F., & LuhY.-H. (2021). Choice of modern food distribution channels and its welfare effects: Empirical evidence from Taiwan. Agriculture, 11(6), 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060499
23.
ChauhanS., VarmaP., & SinghS. (2023). Assessment of marketing channel choice and its impacts: The case of paddy smallholders in India. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 37(1), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2023.2291812
24.
ChenC., GanC., LiJ., LuY., & RahutD. (2023). Linking farmers to markets: Does cooperative membership facilitate e-commerce adoption and income growth in rural China?Economic Analysis and Policy, 80, 1155–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.09.040
25.
DegefaK., AbebeG., & BiruG. (2022). Determinants of market participation decision and intensity of market participation in western Ethiopia: Evidence from smallholder tef producers. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology, 8(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000153
26.
DeyK., GandhiV. P., & DebnathK. (2021). Factors affecting farmers’ participation. In Farmers’ participation in India’s futures markets (pp. 87–107). Springer Briefs in Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3432-1_8
27.
Di FalcoS., VeronesiM., & YesufM. (2011). Does adaptation to climate change provide food security? A micro perspective from Ethiopia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 93(3), 829–846. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aar006
28.
DungL. T. (2020). A multinomial logit model analysis of farmers’ participation in agricultural cooperatives: Evidence from Vietnam. Applied Economics Journal, 27(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.334402
29.
EgbetokunO. A., & OmononaB. T. (2012). Determinants of farmers’ participation in food market in Ogun State. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 12(9), 1–7. https://scispace.com/pdf/determinants-of-farmers-participation-in-food-market-in-ogun-2ruuqcbymp.pdf
30.
FischerE., & QaimM. (2012). Linking smallholders to markets determinants and impacts of farmer collective action in Kenya. World Development, 40(6), 1255–1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.11.018
31.
GebrehiwotN. T., AzadiH., TaheriF., & Van PasselS. (2018). How participation in vegetables market affects livelihoods: Empirical evidence from Northern Ethiopia. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 30(2), 107–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2017.1402725
32.
GoI. (2015). Agriculture census 2015-16. All India report on number and area of operational holdings. Agriculture Census Division. https://agcensus.da.gov.in/document/agcen1516/ac_1516_report_final-220221.pdf
33.
GoI. (2018). Agricultural statistics at a glance 2018. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare. https://desagri.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Agricultural-Statistics-at-a-Glance-2018.pdf
34.
GoI. (2019). Agricultural statistics at a glance 2019. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare. https://desagri.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/At-a-Glance-2019-Eng.pdf
35.
GoI. (2020). Statistical diary—Uttar Pradesh 2020. Economics and Statistics Division State Planning Institute Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh. http://updes.up.nic.in/esd/reports/dbank_march21/Diary%202020(English).pdf
36.
GoI. (2021). Situation assessment of agricultural households and land and holdings of households in rural India, 2019, NSS 77th round (January 2019-December 2019). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. National Statistical Office, New Delhi. https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_587m_0.pdf
37.
GoI. (2022). Agricultural statistics at a glance 2022. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare. https://agriwelfare.gov.in/Documents/CWWGDATA/Agricultural_Statistics_at_a_Glance_2022_0.pdf
38.
GoyalS., RaiJ., & KumarS. (2016). Indian agriculture and farmers-problems and reforms in book Indian agriculture and farmers. Poddar Publication. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330683906_Indian_Agriculture_and_Farmers-Problems_and_Reforms
39.
GurungR., & ChoubeyM. (2022). Determinants of agricultural households to join farmer producer organisations (FPOs) in Northeast India: Evidence from Sikkim. International Journal of Social Economics, 50(4), 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2022-0216
40.
GurungR., ChoubeyM., & RaiR. (2023). Economic impact of farmer producer organisation (FPO) membership: Empirical evidence from India. International Journal of Social Economics, 51(8), 1015–1028. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2023-0451
41.
HaileK., GebreE., & WorkyeA. (2022). Determinants of market participation among smallholder farmers in Southwest Ethiopia: Double-hurdle model approach. Agriculture and Food Security, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00358-5
42.
HillR. V., MaruyamaE., OlapadeM., & FrölichM. (2021). Strengthening producer organizations to increase market access of smallholder farmers in Uganda. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 50(3), 436–464. https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2021.19
43.
JitmunT., KuwornuJ. K. M., DattaA., & AnalA. K. (2020). Factors influencing membership of dairy cooperatives: Evidence from dairy farmers in Thailand. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management, 8(1), 100109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2020.100109
44.
Karing’uK. N., IsabokeH. N., & NdiranguS. N. (2021). Transaction costs and participation in avocado export marketing in Murang’a County, Kenya. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 11(3), 221–240. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-12-2019-0206
45.
KhanN. A., QijieG., AliS., ShahbazB., & ShahA. A. (2019). Farmers’ use of mobile phone for accessing agricultural information in Pakistan. Ciência Rural, 49(10), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20181016
46.
KyawN. N., AhnS., & LeeS. H. (2018). Analysis of the factors influencing market participation among smallholder rice farmers in Magway region, central dry zone of Myanmar. Sustainability, 10(12), 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124441
47.
LiJ., MaW., & GongB. (2023). Market participation and subjective well-being of maize farmers. Economic Analysis and Policy, 80(941), 960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.09.037
48.
LiuY. (2018). Determinants and impacts of marketing channel choice among cooperatives members: Evidence from agricultural cooperative in China. International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) Conference. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.275898
49.
MaW., & AbdulaiA. (2017). The economic impacts of agricultural cooperatives on smallholder farmers in rural China. Agribusiness, 33(4), 537–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21522
50.
MadolaM. V. (2016). Determinants of participation in farmer organisations among smallholder farmers in Malawi. Fifth African Higher Education Week and RUFORUM Biennial Conference, Cape Town, South Africa (pp. 455–462).
51.
MandaJ., KhonjeM. G., AleneA. D., TufaA. H., AbdoulayeT., MutenjeM., SetimelaP., & ManyongV. (2020). Does cooperative membership increase and accelerate agricultural technology adoption? Empirical evidence from Zambia. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 158, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120160
52.
MarteyE., Al-HassanR. M., & KuwornuJ. K. (2012). Commercialization of smallholder agriculture in Ghana: A Tobit regression analysis. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(14), 2131–2141. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1743
53.
MichalekJ., CiaianP., & PokrivcakJ. (2018). The impact of producer organizations on farm performance: The case study of large farms from Slovakia. Food Policy, 75, 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.12.009
54.
MiroroO. O., AnyonaD. N., NyamongoI., BukachiS. A., ChemulitiJ., WaweruK., & KigananeL. (2023). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ membership in co-operative societies: Evidence from rural Kenya. International Journal of Social Economics, 50(2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2022-0165
55.
NandiR., NedumaranS., & RavulaP. (2021). The interplay between food market access and farm household dietary diversity in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of literature. Global Food Security, 28, 100484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100484
56.
NayakA. K. (2015). Farmer producer organizations in India: Policy, performance, and design issues. In Organised retailing and agri-business: Implications of new supply chains on the Indian farm economy (pp. 289-303). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-2476-1_17
57.
NegiD. S., BirthalP. S., RoyD., & KhanM. T. (2018). Farmers’ choice of market channels and producer prices in India: Role of transportation and communication networks. Food Policy, 81, 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.10.008
58.
NeupaneH., PaudelK. P., AdhikariM., & HeQ. (2022). Impact of cooperative membership on production efficiency of smallholder goat farmers in Nepal. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 93(2), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12371
59.
NinhL. K. (2021). Economic role of education in agriculture: Evidence from rural Vietnam. Journal of Economics and Development, 23(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/JED-05-2020-0052
60.
NyaabaJ. A., Nkrumah-EnninK., & AnangB. T. (2019). Willingness to pay for crop insurance in Tolon District of Ghana: Application of an endogenous treatment effect model. AIMS Agriculture & Food, 4(2), 362–375. https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2019.2.362
61.
OchiengJ., KnerrB., OwuorG., & OumaE. (2018). Strengthening collective action to improve marketing performance: Evidence from farmer groups in Central Africa. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 24(2), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2018.1432493
62.
OgunladeI., OmoteshoK. F., LawalM. A., & KehindeF. B. (2016). Determinants of level of participation of farmers in group activities in Kwara State, Nigeria. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(3), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag887
63.
PandaS. (2015). Farmer education and household agricultural income in rural India. International Journal of Social Economics, 42(6), 514–529. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-12-2013-0278
64.
PathakH., NayakA. K., JenaM., SinghO. N., SamalP., & SharmaS. G. (2018). Rice research for enhancing productivity, profitability and climate resilience. ICAR-National Rice Research Institute. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/N-P-Mandal/publication/328627992_Climate_Resilient_Production_Technologies_for_Rainfed_Upland_Rice_Systems/links/5e5364c7a6fdcc2f8f5d7833/Climate-Resilient-Production-Technologies-for-Rainfed-Upland-Rice-Systems.pdf
65.
PhionaN., & AmbroseA. R. (2023). Factors influencing the intensity of market participation of coffee processors in Uganda. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 14(5), 1148–1160. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-11-2022-0240
66.
PingaliP., AiyarA., AbrahamM., & RahmanA. (2019). Linking farms to markets: Reducing transaction costs and enhancing bargaining power. In Transforming food systems for a rising India. Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14409-8_8
67.
RahmanM. S., HaqueM. E., & AfradM. S. I. (2020). Utility of mobile phone usage in agricultural information dissemination in Bangladesh. East African Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 3(6), 154–170. https://doi.org/10.36349/EASJALS.2020.v03i06.020
68.
Regasa MegerssaG., NegashR., BekeleA. E., & NemeraD. B. (2020). Smallholder market participation and its associated factors: Evidence from Ethiopian vegetable producers. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1), 1783173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1783173
69.
RugubeL. M., NsibandeS. P., MasarirambiM. T., & MusiP. J. (2019). Factors affecting profitability of smallholder vegetable farmers in the Shiiselweni region, Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland). Sustainable Agriculture Research, 8(1), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n1p104
70.
SebattaC., WamulumeM., & MwansakilwaC. (2014). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ access to agricultural finance in Zambia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(11), 63. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n11p63
71.
ShilpiF., & Umali-DeiningerD. (2008). Market facilities and agricultural marketing: Evidence from Tamil Nadu, India. The Journal of the International Association of Agricultural Economics, 39(3), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2008.00333.x
72.
SinghM. (2012). Challenges and opportunities for sustainable viability of marginal and small farmers in India. In Agricultural situation in India. Directorate of Economics and Statistics Department of Agriculture and Co-Operation Ministry of Agriculture Government of India, New Delhi. https://desagri.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/June2012.pdf
73.
SinghS. (2017). Institutional innovations in rice production and marketing in India: Experience and strategies. In The future rice strategy for India (pp. 335–357). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805374-4.00012-9
74.
SinghS. (2023). Small farmer livelihoods under liberalised agricultural market environment in India: Can farmer producer companies be an alternative?Sociological Bulletin, 72(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229221116993
75.
SinghG., & VattaK. (2019). Assessing the economic impacts of farmer producer organizations: A case study in Gujarat, India. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 32, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0279.2019.00023.5
76.
SolomonP. (2023). Can cooperatives be a tool for poverty reduction? Social capital perspectives of Fisher’s cooperatives in India. Marine Policy, 147, 105373.
77.
StaigerD. O., & StockJ. H. (1997). Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica, 65(3), 557–586. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171753
78.
TilahunY., TadesseB., GebreE., HaileK., BayuM., AdimasuZ., ToleraZ., ZegeyeB., & BayuA. (2023). Factors influencing the intensity of market participation of smallholder livestock producers in southwest Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2), 2258672. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2258672
79.
TimmerC. P. (2012). Structural transformation, small farmers, and food security in Asia. In Institutions and comparative economic development (pp. 281–297). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137034014_15
80.
TranG. T. H., NansekiT., ChomeiY., & NguyenL. T. (2023). The impact of cooperative participation on income: The case of vegetable production in Vietnam. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 13(1), 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-05-2021-0108
81.
TrebbinA. (2014). Linking small farmers to modern retail through producer organisations – experience with producer companies in India. Food Policy, 45, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.12.007
82.
TrebbinA., & HasslerM. (2012). Farmers’ producer companies in India: A new concept for collective action?Environment and Planning A, 44, 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44143
83.
TuraE. G., GoshubD., DemiseT., & KeneadT. (2016). Determinants of market participation and intensity of marketed surplus of teff producers in Bacho and Dawo districts of Oromia State, Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(1), 13–24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310337773
84.
Van VuH., HoH., & Hoi LeQ. (2020). Impact of farmers’ associations on household income: Evidence from tea farms in Vietnam. Economies, 8(4), 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8040092
85.
VerhofstadtE., & MaertensM. (2015). Can agricultural cooperatives reduce poverty? Heterogeneous impact of cooperative membership on farmers’ welfare in Rwanda. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 37(1), 86–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppu021
86.
VermaS., Sonkar, V. K., Kumar, A., & RoyD. (2019). Are farmer producer organizations a boon to farmers? The evidence from Bihar, India. Agricultural Economics Research Review,, 32, 123–137. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0279.2019.00022.3
87.
WangB., ChengP.-Y., LeeB., SunL.-C., & ChangH.-H. (2019). Does participation in agricultural cooperatives affect farm sustainability? Empirical evidence from Taiwan. Sustainability, 11(18), 4987. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184987
88.
WidadieF., BijmanJ., & TrienekensJ. (2021). Farmer preferences in contracting with modern retail in Indonesia: A choice experiment. Agribusiness, 37(2), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21652
89.
WorkuC., AdugnaM., & MussaE. C. (2021). Determinants of market participation and intensity of marketed surplus of smallholder chickpea producers in Este woreda. Legume Science, 4, e132. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.132
90.
WossenT., AbdoulayeT., AleneA., HaileM. G., FelekeS., OlanrewajuA., & ManyongV. (2017). Impacts of extension access and cooperative membership on technology adoption and household welfare. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.022
91.
WuF., GuoX., & GuoX. (2023). Cooperative membership and new technology adoption of family farms: Evidence from China. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 94(3), 719–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12433
92.
YahayaI., ZereyesusY. A., NakelseT., & HarunaB. (2019). Complementarity of technology adoption and social capital participation: The case of systems of rice intensification in Ghana. Journal of International Development, 31(7), 601–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3420
93.
YogithaP., AnjugamM., AmarnathJ. S., RaniS. P., & SivasankariB. (2023). Determinants of participation of members in farmer producer organization in Madurai District. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 41(10), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i102133
