Maurice R Raynaud and his Protean Disease

Raynaud M . De l'asphysie locale et de la gangrène symétrique des extrémités, MD thesis, Paris, 1862.

Garrison FH . An Introduction to the History of Medicine with Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data 3rd edn. Philadelphia and London: W B Saunders and Co., 1922:299-300, 699.

Raynaud M . On local asphyxia and symmetric gangrene of the extremities (1862); and New researches on the nature and treatment of local asphyxia of the extremities (1874). In: Barlow T , trans. Selected/Collected Monographs: Raynaud's Two Essays on Local Asphyxia. London: New Sydenham Society, 1888:1–199.

Ibid:99-101; Cardelli MB Kleinsmith D'A . Raynaud's phenomenon and disease. Med Clin N Am 1989;73:1127–41, 1127.

Ibid:99.

Ibid:8.

Raynaud M (op. cit. ref. 3):ix-x.

Ibid.

Hutchinson J . Two lectures on acropathology, Raynaud's phenomenon and allied conditions. Med Week/Sem Hôp 1893;85:97; idem. Symmetrical acro-sphacelus without Raynaud's phenomenon. Arch Surg 1896;7:201–9; Raynaud's phenomenon. Arch Surg 1900;11:330–6; Raynaud's phenomenon. Medical Press and Circular 1901;123:403; Arch Surg 1895;6:351; Clin J 1894–5;5:74; 1895–6;7:240, 322.

Lewis T . Experiments relating to peripheral mechanism involved in spasmodic arrest of circulation in fingers, variety of Raynaud's disease. Heart 1929;15:7; Morton JJ, Scott WJM. Some angiospastic syndromes in the extremities. Ann Surg 1931:94.

Peacock JH . Vasodilatation in the human hand: observations on primary Raynaud's disease and acrocyanosis of the upper extremities. Clin Sci 1957;17:575–86. See, also, idem. Peripheral venous blood concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine in primary Raynaud's disease. Circ Res 1959;7:821-7; the effect of changes in local temperature in the blood flows of the normal hand, primary Raynaud's disease and primary acrocyanosis. Clin Sci 1960;19:505–12.

See, e.g., Barlow T . Raynaud's disease. In: Albutt TC , ed. A System of Medicine. London: Macmillan, 1899:577; Monro TK. Raynaud's Disease (Local Synacope, Local Asphyxia, Symmetrical Gangrene): Its History, Causes … and Treatment. Glasgow: 1899; Boccalon H. History of Raynaud's phenomenon. Soins Cardiologie 1986;38:3-4; Bartelink MEL. Vasospasm and Female Sex Hormones. Studies in Raynaud's Phenomenon and Migraine. Nijmegen: Catholic University, 1992.

Allen EV Brown GE . Raynaud's disease: a critical review of minimal requisites for diagnosis. Am J Med Sci 1932;183:187; Langeron L. Compréhension practique des faits décrits par Maurice Raynaud. Syndrome au maladie. Différences évolutives commandées par les différences étilologiques. J Méd 1934;15:340, 169–75; Hunt JH. The Raynaud phenomena: a critical review. Q J Med 1936:399–444.

Allen EV Brown GE (op. cit. ref. 13).

See Christophers AJ . Occupational aspects of Raynaud's disease. A critical historical survey. Med J Aust 1972;59:730–3; Barnes R, Longley EO, Smith ARB, Allen JG. Vibration disease. Med J Aust 1969;56:901-5; Laroche GP. Traumatic vasospastic disease in chain-saw operators. Can Med Assoc J 1976;115:1217-21; Taylor W, Wasserman D, Behrens V, Reynolds D, Saueloff S. Effect of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. The limestone quarries of Bedford, Indiana, revisited. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:263–6.

Gjöres JE Thulesius O . Primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenae. Acta Chir Scand 1976; suppl 465; Nielsen SL. Provocation and Characterization of Raynaud's Vasospastic Phenomenon. Copenhagen: Medical Faculty, 1981; Kallenberg CG, Pastoor GW, Wouda AA. Antinuclear antibodies in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Clinical significance of anticentromere antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 1982:382-7; Lemmens HAJ. Historical review of Raynaud's phenomenon: nomenclature and pathophysiology. Vasa Supplementum 1987;18:10-14; Wouda AA, ed. Raynaud's phenomenon. Symposium of the Dutch Society of Angiology, Sheveningen (the Netherlands), November 1985. Vasa Supplementum 1987;18; Christianus H, Wollersheim H. Raynaud's Phenomenon, Clinical, Pathophysiological and Therapeutical Studies. Nijmegen: Catholic University, 1988; Coffman JD. Raynaud's Phenomenon. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; Cooke ED, Nicolaides AN, Porter JM, eds. Raynaud's Syndrome. London: Med-Orion, 1991; Engelhart M. Clinical and Physiological Studies of Raynaud's Phenomenon. Copenhagen: Laegeforeningens Forlag, 1991.

See, especially in this connection, Belch JJF . The phenomenon, syndrome and disease of Maurice Raynaud. Br J Rheumatol 29:1990;162–5. For current trends in general pertinent to Raynaud's research, see idem. Raynaud's phenomenon. Curr Opinion Rheumatol 1989;1:490-98; ibid. 1990;2:937-41; ibid. 1991;3:960-6; idem, with Sturrock RD. Raynaud's syndrome: current trends. Br J Rheumatol 1983;22:50-5. For an example of how obscure such controversy can get when engaged in retrospective diagnoses, see e.g. Benny WB. White hand: Raynaud phenomenon or leprosy? Ann Inter Med 1991;114:97–8.

Cardelli MB Kleinsmith DA (op. cit. ref. 4):1130.

Ibid:1139.

Belch JJF (op. cit. ref. 17):162.

Bernard C . Leçons de Physiologie Expérimentale appliquée a la médecine: faites au Collège de France. Paris: J B Baillière, 1855–6; idem. Leçons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système nerveux, Cours de médecine du Collège. Paris: J B Baillière, 1858; Raynaud M (op. cit. ref. 3):137–42.

Théodoridès J . Une lettre de Pasteur à propos de la rage. Hist Sci Med 1986;20:23–30.

Cooke WL . Maurice Raynaud, Christian humanist. Linacre Quarterly 1981;48:117–25, 120; deForrest HP. Raynaud's disease. A clinical study of seventeen original cases with ten illustrations. J Med Soc New Jersey 1920;17:181-2; Monro TK (op. cit. ref. 12).

For biographical information on Raynaud, see Maurice Raynaud Obituary. Progrès Medical 1881;9:552–3; Biographaischen Lexikon hervorragender Aertze. Berlin and Vienna: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1932: vol 4, 738; Astruc P. Belles pages de Maurice Raynaud. Progrès Medical 1955;5. Grimal P, ed. Dictionnaire des Biographies. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1958: vol. ii, 1237; Maurice Raynaud (1834–1881). Raynaud's disease. JAMA 1967;200:985-6; Talbott JH. A Biographical History of Medicine. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1970:1092-4; La Revue du Praticien, special edition on “Le phenomène de Raynaud” 1981;31:3957-4072, especially articles by de la Roncière J, Fiessinger JN. Maurice Raynaud 1834–1881:3967-9; and by Merlen JF. Historique:3971-2, 3975-6; Cooke WL (op. cit. ref. 23); Walton J, Beeson PB, Bodley Scott R, eds. The Oxford Companion to Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986: vol. ii, 1211; Raynaud M. Exposé Des Titres Et Travaux Scientifiques Du Dr. Maurice Raynaud. Paris: Imprimerie Félix Malteste et Cie, 1876.

Raynaud M . Les Mèdecines au Temps de Molière. Paris: Didier et Cie, Ubraves-Éditeurs, 1863; idem, De Asclepiade Bithyno: Medico ac Philosopha. Paris: Didier Et Cie, 1862.

Jackson R . Raynaud and Molière. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:263–6.

Garrison FH (op. cit. ref. 2): 299.

Raynaud M . Des Hypéremies Non Phlegmasiques. Paris: LeClerc, 1863; De La Revulsion. Paris: Baillière, 1863/66.

Raynaud M . Exposé Des Titres Et Travaux Scientifiques Du Dr Maurice Raynaud. Paris: Imprimerie Félix Malteste Et Cie, 1876; Cooke claims, evidently erroneously, that Raynaud applied for a professorship in the history of medicine (op. cit. ref. 23): 119, note 19.

See, e.g., Monro TK (op. cit. ref. 12); 2.

“Maurice Raynaud, 1835–1881”. La Revue du Praticien 1981;31:3968–9.

Cooke WL (op. cit. ref. 23): 121; Raynaud M . Le Scepticisme en Médecin au Temps Passé et au Temps Présent. Trans Int Med Congr 7th Session, I. London: Kolckmann, 1881: 38–53 (trans. in Linacre Quarterly 1981;48:125-41).

See Biographischen Lexikon Hervorragender Aertze. Berlin: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1932: vol. 4, 738.