Besides being a founding member of the Ottoman Medical Society (est. 1867) and general director of the Imperial Military and Civil medical schools in Istanbul, Dr Ahmed Hilmi Pasha offered a pathology course for the first time in the Ottoman Empire. He also translated various medical textbooks from French, and he paved the way for using Turkish in Ottoman medical education.
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Gencer RT. Mirat-i Mekteb-i Tibbiye [History of the Medical School]. 1st vol. Dersaadet: Kader Matbaasi, 1328 H [1912 AD], p.185.
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HatemiHIsilY. Bir Bilim Dili Mucadelesi ve Tanzimat [A struggle for the language of science and the Tanzimat (reorganization)], Istanbul: Isaret Yayinlari, 1989, pp. 21–21.
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Malgaigne JF. Ameliyat-i Cerrahiye [Surgical operations]. 1st vol. Hilmi A (trans). Istanbul: Mekteb-i Tibbiye-i Sahane Matbaasi, 1289 H [1872 AD].
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The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister’s Office (OAPMO). I.DH 695/48645. 30 kanun-i evvel 1290 H [11 January 1875 AD].
8.
OAPMO. I.DH 737/60335. 2 tesrin-i sani 1292 H [14 November 1876 AD].
9.
Hilmi A. Kimya-yi Madeni [Inorganic chemistry]. 2nd ed. Istanbul: Mihran Matbaasi, 1300 H [1883 AD].
10.
IhsanogluESesenRBekarMSet al.Ahmed Hilmi Pasa. In: IhsanogluE (ed). Osmanli Tibbi Bilimler Literaturu Tarihi [History of the literature of Medical Sciences during the Ottoman Period]2008; 2nd vol, Istanbul: IRCICA Yayinlari, pp. 699–702.
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SehsuvarogluBN. Patolojik Anatomi Hocalari [Teachers of pathological anatomy], Istanbul: Tip ve Eczacilik Nesriyati, 1966, pp. 8–9.
12.
Sehsuvaroglu BN, Erdemir-Demirhan A and Cantay-Guressever G. Patolojik anatomi ogretimi [Pathological anatomy training]. In: Turk Tip Tarihi [History of Turkish Medicine]. Bursa: Tas Kitapcilik, 1984, pp.220–221.
13.
OAPMO. MF.MKT 66/93. 25 muharrem 1298 H [28 December 1880 AD].
14.
OAPMO. I.DH 833/67062. 18 temmuz 1297 R [30 July 1881 AD].
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OAPMO. I.DH 890/70838. 14 temmuz 1299 R [26 July 1883 AD].
16.
Rindfleisch EV. Ilm-i Ensac-i Maraziye [Histopathology]. Hilmi A (trans). Istanbul: Mekteb-i Tibbiye-i Sahane Matbaasi, 1303 H [1886 AD].
17.
YildirimN. Istanbul Tip Fakultesi Tarihine Bakis [A glance at the history of Istanbul Medical Faculty], Istanbul: publisher uncited, 2015, pp. 34–34.
18.
Akalin BO. Nevsal-i Afiyet [Year book of health]. 2nd vol. Istanbul: Alem Matbaasi, 1316 H [1900 AD], pp.120–122.
19.
OAPMO. ZB 346/119, 17 subat 1322 [2 March 1907 AD]. Cited in: Ilikan CG. Osmanli Devleti’nde saglik mesleklerinde diploma mecburiyeti [Diploma obligation for health professionals in the Ottoman State]. Toplumsal Tarih 2010; 84: 80–84.
20.
PaksoyN. The history of pathology in Turkey. Pathology - Research and Practice1988; 184: 128–131.
21.
Our recent survey about Ahmed Hilmi’s short articles appeared in the Turkish medical press, resulting in a sole example that was published in three consecutive issues of the first medical journal of the Ottoman Empire. See: Hilmi A. Fenn-i kimyanin hifzissihhat ve tagsisata olan cihet-i taalukatdan olmak uzere tababette kesru’l istimal olan sarabin terkib ve tahlil ve tahsisi hakkinda 24, 25, 26 numerolu Malumat-i Tibbiye ve Ispenciyariye nam jurnalde gorulen bir bendin tercemesidir. Vakayi-yi Tibbiye [Medical News] 1297 H [1880 AD]; 18: 2–6; 19: 2–4; 20: 2–5.
22.
This society has continued to the present and is known as the Turkiye Tip Akademisi (Medical Academy of Turkey).
23.
Anonymous. Cemiyet-i Tibbiye-i Osmaniye Nizamnamesi [Regulations of the Ottoman Medical Society], Istanbul: Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Sahane Matbaasi, 1921, pp. 3–3.
24.
UludagOS. Tanzimat ve Hekimlik [The Tanzimat and Medicine], Istanbul: Maarif Matbaasi, 1940, pp. 5–7.
25.
Sari N. Cemiyet-i Tıbbiye-i Osmaniyye ve tıp dilinin Turkcelesmesi akimi [The Ottoman Medical Society and the movement to promote medical Turkish]. In: Osmanli Ilmi ve Mesleki Cemiyetleri - 1. Milli Turk Bilim Tarihi Sempozyumu. Istanbul: ITSKAM, 1987, pp.121–142.
26.
NystenPH. Dictionnaire de médecine, de chirurgie, de pharmacie, des sciences accessoires et de l’art vétérinaire, 5e éd. Paris: J.S. Chaudé, 1833.
